Argon, ikintu kiboneka hose ariko kitagaragara, kigize hafi 0,93% yikirere cyisi. Mugihe ari gaze ya gatatu yuzuye mwuka duhumeka, kuyikoresha mubikorwa byinganda, ubuvuzi, na siyanse bisaba ubwubatsi bukomeye. Kuva kurinda arc mu bushyuhe bwo hejuru bwo gusudira kugeza kurinda wafer ya silicon yoroshye mugihe cyo gukora semiconductor, icyifuzo cya gaze nziza ni kinini. Ariko, kuyitwara no kuyibika muri gaze yayo ntabwo ikora neza. Ibi bitera ikibazo cyibanze mu nganda: nigute gaze ya gaz ya argon guhaza ibyifuzo byisi yose neza?

Igisubizo kiri muburyo bukomeye buzwi nka cryogenic itandukanya ikirere. Aya magambo 2000 yuzuye yuzuye azacengera cyane mumahame ya termodinamike, imashini yubukanishi, hamwe nintambwe yo kweza imiti isabwa kugirango umwuka wikirere uhindurwe cyane, kirogenike yamazi (LAR).

1. Gusobanukirwa Argon no Gukenera Amazi

Mbere yo kwibira mubukanishi bwamazi, ni ngombwa kumva icyo argon aricyo n'impamvu inzira yo kuyikuramo ari nkenerwa mubukungu kandi mubikorwa.

Argon (Ar) ni monatomic, chimique inert gaze nziza. Ntabwo ifite ibara, impumuro nziza, kandi ntabwo ari uburozi. Kuberako idakora hamwe nibindi bintu ndetse no mubushuhe bukabije, ni ingabo nziza yikirere ikwirakwiza metallurgjique.

Kuki Liquefy Argon?

Impamvu yibanze yo gutembera gaze ikirere cyose ni ukugabanya amajwi. Iyo ihinduwe na gaze kumuvuduko ukabije wikirere ikajya mumazi ya kirogenike, argon iba ifite igipimo kinini cyo kwaguka kingana na 1 kugeza 840. Ibi bivuze ko litiro 840 za gaze ya argon ishobora guhurizwa muri litiro imwe ya Amazi argon. Uku kugabanuka gukabije kwijwi rituma ubwikorezi buhenze cyane binyuze mumamodoka ya tanker ya kirogenike no kubika neza mubigega bikingiwe na vacuum mubikorwa byinganda.

Ibyiza bya Argon

Kugirango ukoreshe gaze mumazi, injeniyeri agomba gukorana cyane nubushyuhe bwa termodinamike. Hano haribintu byingenzi bifatika bifatika byerekana ibipimo byamazi.

2. Ubumenyi bwibanze: Gutandukanya ikirere cya Cryogenic

Argon ntabwo yakozwe cyangwa ikomatanya; isarurwa biturutse mu kirere kidukikije. Ikoranabuhanga rusange rikoreshwa kugirango bigerweho ni Cryogenic fractional distillation.

Iyi nzira ishingiye kumahame shingiro ya chimie: ibintu bitandukanye bihindura imiterere (condense cyangwa guteka) mubushyuhe butandukanye. Mugukonjesha umwuka wibidukikije kugeza bihindutse amazi, hanyuma bikazamura buhoro buhoro ubushyuhe bwabyo, injeniyeri zirashobora gutandukanya imvange yumwuka mubice byibanze byayo - azote, ogisijeni, na argon - mugihe bitetse umwe umwe.

Ikibazo cyo Gutandukana kwa Argon

Gutandukanya argon birazwi ko bigoye kubera aho itetse. Reba ingingo zitetse z'ibice bitatu by'ingenzi bigize ikirere:

3. Intambwe ku yindi Intambwe: Uburyo Umwuka Uhinduka Amazi ya Argon

Urugendo ruva mu kirere rujya kuri cryogenic fluid argon rurimo ibyiciro byinshi byo gutandukanya ikirere (ASU). Hano harambuye, intambwe-ku-ntambwe yo gusenya inzira.

Intambwe ya 1: Kwinjira mu kirere, kwikuramo, no kuyungurura

Inzira itangirana nibikoresho fatizo: ikirere cyikirere.
Abafana benshi mu nganda bakurura umwuka munzu ibyiciro byinshi byo kuyungurura kugirango bakureho ibintu byangiza, umukungugu, nudukoko. Bimaze kuyungurura, umwuka winjira mubice byinshi bya centrifugal compressor. Umwuka ugabanijwe kumuvuduko wa 5 kugeza 7 (70 psi 100).

Gucomeka gaze mubisanzwe bitanga ubushyuhe bukomeye (ubushyuhe bwo kwikuramo). Gucunga ibi, intercoolers ishyirwa hagati yo kwikuramo. Gukonjesha umwuka muriki cyiciro kandi bitera igice kinini cyubushuhe bwikirere bwikirere (umwuka wamazi) guhunika, hanyuma bikavaho.

Intambwe ya 2: Kwezwa binyuze mumashanyarazi

Mbere yuko umwuka ushobora guhura nubushyuhe bwa kirogenike, umwanda wose ushobora gukonjesha no guhagarika imiyoboro igomba kuvaho burundu. Iyi myanda irimo cyane cyane:

• Umwuka w'amazi asigaye (H2O)
• Dioxyde de Carbone (CO2)
• Kurikirana Amashanyarazi

Umwuka ucyeye unyuzwa mubice byabanjirije kwezwa (PPU) bigizwe nigitanda cya alumina na zeolite ya molekile. Ibyo byuma bikora nka microscopique sponges yatoranijwe cyane, itanga ubuhehere na molekile ya CO2. Niba iyi ntambwe yananiwe, CO2 hamwe nubura bwumye byabyimbye cyane mubihingwa, bigahagarika ubushyuhe bworoshye kandi bigasaba guhagarika ibihingwa byuzuye.

Intambwe ya 3: Gukonja gukabije no kwaguka

Umwuka wumye, usukuye, kandi ucometse noneho winjira muri "agasanduku gakonje," yubatswe cyane irimo amazu yo guhanahana ubushyuhe bwa kirogenike hamwe ninkingi za distillation.

Uburyo bwo gukonjesha bukoresha Ingaruka ya Joule-Thomson no kwagura imashini. Umwuka ushyushye winjira unyura mumashanyarazi nyamukuru, atembera-gazi kugeza imyuka ikonje cyane (azote na ogisijeni) igaruka kumurongo. Ibi bigabanya ubushyuhe bwikirere bwinjira cyane.

Kugirango ugere ku bushyuhe nyabwo bwa kirogenike (munsi ya -170 ° C), igice cyumwuka uhumeka kinyuzwa muri turbo-yagura. Mugihe gaze yumuvuduko mwinshi waguka byihuse binyuze muri turbine, ikora imirimo yubukanishi, itera igabanuka ryinshi ryubushyuhe bwa gaze. Mugihe umwuka usohotse mubushyuhe no kwaguka, ni uruvange rwumuyaga ukonje bidasanzwe hamwe numwuka wamazi, witeguye gutandukana.

Intambwe ya 4: Gutandukanya ibice byibanze (HP na LP Inkingi)

Umutima wibikorwa bya liquefaction nuburyo bubiri-inkingi ya distillation sisitemu, igizwe ninkingi Yumuvuduko mwinshi (HP) yicaye munsi yumuvuduko muke (LP).

1. Inkingi Yumuvuduko Ukabije: Ibicu bikonje byamazi / imyuka ivanze byinjira munsi yinkingi ya HP. Mugihe amazi yaguye hasi hanyuma imyuka ikazamuka ikoresheje inzira ya sikeri isobekeranye, gutandukana kwambere bibaho. Azote, hamwe nu mwanya wo hasi utetse, irazamuka hejuru nka gaze. Amazi akungahaye kuri Oxygene (arimo ibyinshi muri argon) ibizenga hepfo.
2. Inkingi-Umuvuduko muke: Amazi akungahaye kuri ogisijeni kuva hepfo yinkingi ya HP arajugunywa (yaguwe) mumurongo wa LP hejuru yacyo. Bitewe numuvuduko wo hasi, ubundi gutandukana bibaho. Ibidendezi byuzuye bya ogisijeni byuzuye hepfo yinkingi ya LP, mugihe gaze ya azote isohoka hejuru.

Intambwe ya 5: Inkingi ya Argon

Kuberako ingingo ya argon itetse yicaye hagati ya ogisijeni na azote, yibanda mugice cyo hepfo-hagati igice cyo hasi-Umuvuduko. Mugihe cyo hejuru cyane, imvange ya gaze muriyi "nda" yihariye yinkingi igera kuri 10% kugeza 12% ya argon, ahasigaye hakaba ogisijeni hamwe nuduce duto twa azote.

Kubikuramo, injeniyeri kanda muri iki gice cyihariye hanyuma ushushanye imvange muburyo butandukanye, bufatanije bwitwa Argon Uruhande-Ukuboko Inkingi.
Imbere muri iyi nkingi ndende idasanzwe (akenshi irimo tray zirenga 150), habaho kabiri. Kuberako argon ihindagurika gato (itetse byoroshye) kuruta ogisijeni, imyuka ya argon irazamuka hejuru yinkingi yuruhande, mugihe umwuka wa ogisijeni uremereye ugwa hasi ugasubira kumurongo wingenzi wa LP.

Ibigaragara hejuru yinkingi yukuboko kuruhande bizwi nka "crude argon." Kuri iki cyiciro, irasukurwa neza ariko ni 98% gusa. Iracyafite hafi 2% ya ogisijeni hamwe na azote ikurikirana, igomba gukurwaho kugirango ikoreshwe mu nganda.

4. Kwezwa: Kuzamura Crude kuri Argon Yuzuye-Yera

Kubikorwa bigezweho, cyane cyane mubikorwa bya semiconductor ninganda zo mu kirere, argon igomba kuba "cyenda eshanu" yera (99,999%). Argon idahwitse igomba kwezwa cyane.

Inzira ya "Deoxo" Catalitike

Kugira ngo ukureho ogisijeni isigaye 2%, argon ya crude yoherejwe kuri reaction ya catalitiki izwi nka Deoxo unit. Imbere, gaze ya hydrogène yuzuye yatewe mumigezi y'amazi.
Hafi ya catalizike ya palladium cyangwa platine, hydrogène ikora muburyo bwa chimique hamwe na molekile ya ogisijeni ya rogue ikora amazi (2H)₂ + O.₂ H 2H₂O). Iyi reaction irekura ubushyuhe buke, mugihe gito ihindura argon muri gaze.

Kuma Kurangiza no Kurandura

Gazi ihita inyuzwa mumashanyarazi ya kabiri kugirango yambure molekile nshya y'amazi. Hanyuma, byumye, umwuka wa ogisijeni ni Kugaburirwa Inkingi Yanyuma-Inkingi ya argon.

Hano, argon irakonjeshwa nubundi kugeza igihe isubiye mu mazi. Azote isigaye ya azote, ikomeza kuba gaze mubushyuhe bwamazi ya argon, ihindurwa hejuru yinkingi. Ibicuruzwa bivamo guhuriza hamwe hepfo birasukuye cyane, ubukonje bukabije bwa Liquid Argon (LAR), bwiteguye kugurishwa.

5. Kubika no Gutwara Amazi ya Argon

Ikibazo cyo kumenya uburyo gaze ya gaz ya argon isubizwa, ikibazo gikurikira nukugumya muri iyo leta. Kuri -185.8 ° C, guhura nubushyuhe bwibidukikije bizatuma amazi asubira cyane muri gaze - ibintu bizwi nka Boil-Off Gas (BOG).

Kurwanya ibi, argon yamazi yinjizwa mubigega byabitswe cyane, bikingira vacuum. Ibigega bikora kimwe na flask ya thermos. Zigizwe nicyombo cyimbere gikozwe mubyuma bidafite ingese (idacika intege mubushyuhe bwa kirogenike) hamwe nicyombo cyo hanze gikozwe mubyuma bya karubone. Umwanya uri hagati yibi bikoresho byombi wuzuyemo ifu yiziritse (nka perlite) hanyuma ikamanurwa ikajya mu cyuho cyuzuye neza kugirango ikureho ubushyuhe bwa convective kandi butwara.

Iyo itwarwa kubakoresha-nyuma, LAR itwarwa mumamodoka yihariye ya kirogenike. Iyo ugeze mu ruganda rukora cyangwa mu bitaro, rwimurirwa mu cyombo gihagaze neza. Mugihe umukiriya akeneye gaze ya gaz ya gaz kubikorwa byayo, ayo mazi aba anyuze mumyuka ihumeka ikirere - urukurikirane rw'imiyoboro ya aluminiyumu yuzuye ikurura ubushyuhe buturuka mu kirere gikikije, igashyushya neza amazi igasubira muri gaze y’umuvuduko mwinshi.

6. Umwanzuro

Guhindura umwuka utagaragara, ibidukikije bihinduka ultra-yera, sub-zeru ni igitangaza cyubwubatsi bwa kijyambere hamwe nubushyuhe bwa termodinamike. Binyuze mu byiciro bikomeye byo kwikuramo umuvuduko ukabije, kuyungurura molekile, kwaguka kwa Joule-Thomson, hamwe no gutandukanya ibice byoroheje, inganda zirashobora gusarura neza argon itwikiriye umubumbe wacu.

Gusobanukirwa gazi ya argon ni ngombwa mugutezimbere imiyoboro itangwa ku isi. Mugihe tekinoloji igenda itera imbere - cyane cyane mubikorwa bya elegitoroniki, icapiro ryicyuma cya 3D, hamwe n’ubuhanga bwo mu kirere - kwishingikiriza ku mazi meza cyane, bitwarwa neza na argon bizakomeza kwiyongera, bigatuma gutandukanya ikirere cya kirogenike ari kimwe mu bintu bikomeye, ariko bidahabwa agaciro, mu nganda ku isi ya none.

7. Ibibazo

Q1: Ni ubuhe bushyuhe argon ihinduka amazi?

Argon iva muri gaze ikajya mumazi ahantu hatetse -185.8 ° C (-302.4 ° F) ku muvuduko usanzwe w'ikirere. Kugirango ibungabungwe mumazi yo kubika no gutwara, igomba kubikwa cyangwa munsi yubushyuhe bwa kirogenike ikoresheje imiyoboro yihariye ikingira vacuum kugirango birinde guteka no kwaguka vuba.

Q2: Kuki argon itwarwa nkamazi aho kuba gaze?

Impamvu yibanze nubushobozi bwo gukora neza. Iyo argon ikonje mumazi, iba yegeranye ku kigereranyo cya 1 na 840. Ibi bivuze ko litiro imwe ya argon y'amazi irimo litiro 840 ya gaze ya argon. Kuyitwara nk'amazi yemerera abayitanga gutanga ibintu byinshi, byinshi mumodoka imwe, ikaba ihenze cyane kandi ikoreshwa neza kuruta gutwara silindari ya gaze iremereye.

Q3: Gukoresha argon y'amazi birashobora guteza akaga?

Nibyo, argon yamazi yerekana ingaruka zikomeye zinganda cyane cyane kubera ubukonje bukabije na kamere yayo nka asifike. Guhuza uruhu na argon yamazi cyangwa imiyoboro ya kirogenike idashobora gutera ubukonje bukabije cyangwa cryogenic yaka vuba. Byongeye kandi, kubera ko yaguka vuba uko ishyushye (inshuro 840 yubunini bwayo), kumeneka gake ya argon y'amazi ahantu hafunzwe birashobora kwimura vuba umwuka wa ogisijeni w’ibidukikije, bigatuma habaho ibyago byinshi byo guhumeka ku bakozi hafi aho nta nteguza, kuko gaze idafite ibara kandi idafite impumuro nziza. Guhumeka neza nibikoresho byokwirinda (PPE) birasabwa cyane.