Argon, chinthu chopezeka paliponse koma chosawoneka, chimapanga pafupifupi 0.93% yamlengalenga wapadziko lapansi. Ngakhale kuti ndi gasi wachitatu wochuluka kwambiri mumpweya umene timapuma, kuugwiritsa ntchito m’mafakitale, mankhwala, ndi ntchito za sayansi kumafuna uinjiniya wovuta. Kuchokera pakutchinga ma arcs pakuwotcherera kotentha kwambiri mpaka kuteteza zowotcherera za silicon panthawi yopanga ma semiconductor, kufunikira kwa mpweya wabwinowu ndi waukulu. Komabe, kunyamula ndi kuusunga mu mpweya wake sikuthandiza kwambiri. Izi zimadzutsa funso lofunika kwambiri pamakampani: momwe mpweya wa argon umasungunuka kukwaniritsa zofuna zapadziko lonse moyenera?

Yankho lagona mu njira yovuta kwambiri yotchedwa cryogenic air separation. Maupangiri atsatanetsatane a mawu a 2,000 awa azama mozama mu mfundo za thermodynamic, uinjiniya wamakina, ndi njira zoyeretsera mankhwala ofunikira kuti asinthe mpweya wa mumlengalenga kukhala woyeretsedwa kwambiri, cryogenic liquid argon (LAR).

1. Kumvetsetsa Argon ndi Kufunika kwa Liquefaction

Musanadumphire mumakina a liquefaction, ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa kuti argon ndi chiyani komanso chifukwa chake njira yothirira madzi ndiyofunika pazachuma komanso zofunikira.

Argon (Ar) ndi mpweya wabwino, womwe umapangidwa ndi mankhwala. Ndi yopanda mtundu, yopanda fungo, komanso yopanda poizoni. Chifukwa sichichita ndi zinthu zina ngakhale kutentha kwambiri, ndicho chishango chabwino cha mumlengalenga pazitsulo zazitsulo.

Chifukwa chiyani Liquefy Argon?

Chifukwa chachikulu chochepetsera mpweya uliwonse wam'mlengalenga ndikuchepetsa mphamvu. Akatembenuzidwa kuchokera ku gasi pamtunda wokhazikika wa mumlengalenga kupita ku madzi a cryogenic, argon amakumana ndi chiŵerengero chokulirapo cha 1 mpaka 840. Izi zikutanthauza kuti malita 840 a argon a gaseous akhoza kuchepetsedwa kukhala lita imodzi ya madzi argon. Kutsika kwakukulu kwa voliyumuku kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mayendedwe okwera mtengo kwambiri kudzera pamagalimoto onyamula mafuta a cryogenic ndikusungirako bwino m'matanki otsekedwa ndi vacuum m'mafakitale.

Zakuthupi za Argon

Kuti agwiritse ntchito gasi kukhala madzi, mainjiniya ayenera kugwirira ntchito limodzi ndi mphamvu zake za thermodynamic. M'munsimu muli mfundo zofunika kwambiri za deta zomwe zimatchula magawo a liquefaction.

2. Sayansi Yoyambira: Kupatukana kwa Air Cryogenic

Argon sipangidwa kapena kupangidwa; imakololedwa mwachindunji kuchokera mumlengalenga wotizungulira. Tekinoloje yayikulu yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti izi zitheke cryogenic fractional distillation.

Izi zimadalira mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya chemistry: zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimasintha nyengo (kuzizira kapena kuwira) pa kutentha kosiyana. Mwa kuziziritsa mpweya wozungulira mpaka utakhala wamadzimadzi, ndiyeno n’kuwonjezera kutentha kwake pang’onopang’ono, mainjiniya amatha kulekanitsa mpweyawo m’zigawo zake zapansi—nitrogen, oxygen, ndi argon—pamene akuwira imodzi ndi imodzi.

Vuto la Kupatukana kwa Argon

Kulekanitsa argon ndizovuta kwambiri chifukwa cha kuwira kwake. Yang'anani malo otentha a zigawo zitatu zazikulu za mumlengalenga:

3. Njira ya Pang'onopang'ono: Momwe Mpweya Umakhalira Liquid Argon

Ulendo wochokera ku mpweya wozungulira kupita ku cryogenic liquid argon umaphatikizapo magawo angapo a Air Separation Unit (ASU). Apa pali mwatsatanetsatane, tsatane-tsatane kuphwanya ndondomeko.

Khwerero 1: Kulowetsa Mpweya, Kuponderezana, ndi Kusefera

Njirayi imayamba ndi zopangira: mpweya wozungulira mumlengalenga.
Mafani akumafakitale akuluakulu amakoka mpweya kudzera m'nyumba zosefera zamitundu yambiri kuti achotse zinthu, fumbi, ndi tizilombo. Akasefedwa, mpweya umalowa mu multistage centrifugal kompresa. Mpweya umapanikizidwa kukakamiza pafupifupi 5 mpaka 7 bar (70 mpaka 100 psi).

Kupondereza gasi kumatulutsa kutentha kwakukulu (kutentha kwa kuponderezana). Kuti izi zitheke, ma intercoolers amayikidwa pakati pa magawo oponderezedwa. Kuziziritsa mpweya panthawiyi kumapangitsanso kuti chinyontho chochuluka cha mumlengalenga (nthunzi wa madzi) chisasunthike, chomwe chimatha.

Khwerero 2: Kuyeretsa kudzera mu Sieves za Molecular

Mpweya usanayambe kutenthedwa ndi kutentha kwa cryogenic, zonyansa zonse zomwe zimatha kuzizira ndi kutsekereza mapaipi ziyenera kuchotsedwa. Zonyansazi makamaka zikuphatikizapo:

• Mpweya Wamadzi Wotsalira (H2O)
• Mpweya wa carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Tsatirani Ma Hydrocarbons

Mpweya woponderezedwa umadutsa mu pre-purification unit (PPU) yokhala ndi mabedi a alumina ndi zeolite molecular sieves. Masiponjiwa amakhala ngati masiponji osawoneka bwino kwambiri, omwe amakopa chinyezi ndi ma molekyulu a CO2. Izi zikakanika, mpweya wa CO2 ndi madzi oundana owuma angapangike mkati mwa mbewuyo, kutsekereza zida zotenthetsera zomwe zimafunikira kuti chomera chizimitsidwe.

Khwerero 3: Kuzizira Kwambiri ndi Kukulitsa

Mpweya wowuma, woyeretsedwa, ndi wopanikizidwa tsopano ukulowa mu "bokosi lozizira," malo otetezedwa kwambiri omwe amakhala ndi makina otenthetsera kutentha ndi ma distillation.

Njira yozizira imagwiritsa ntchito Zotsatira za Joule-Thomson ndi kukula kwa makina. Mpweya wotentha womwe umalowa umadutsa m'chotenthetsera chachikulu, chomwe chimayenda molumikizana ndi mpweya wozizira kwambiri (nayitrogeni ndi okosijeni) wobwerera kuchokera m'mipingo ya distillation. Izi zimatsitsa kutentha kwa mpweya womwe ukubwera kwambiri.

Kuti mukwaniritse kutentha kwenikweni kwa cryogenic (pansi -170 ° C), gawo lina la mpweya woponderezedwa limayendetsedwa ndi turbo-expander. Pamene mpweya wothamanga kwambiri ukuwonjezeka mofulumira kupyolera mu turbine, umagwira ntchito zamakina, zomwe zimapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa gasi. Pamene mpweya umatuluka mu chotenthetsera kutentha ndi chowonjezera, umakhala wosakanikirana ndi nthunzi wozizira kwambiri ndi mpweya wamadzimadzi, wokonzekera kupatukana.

Khwerero 4: Primary Fractional Distillation (HP ndi LP Columns)

Mtima wa ndondomeko ya liquefaction ndi ndondomeko ya distillation yawiri-column, yomwe ili ndi gawo la High-Pressure (HP) lomwe likukhala pansi pa ndime ya Low-Pressure (LP).

1. Mzere Wopanikizika Kwambiri: Kusakaniza kwamadzi / mpweya woziziritsa pang'ono kumalowa pansi pagawo la HP. Pamene madzi amagwera pansi ndipo nthunzi imatuluka kudzera mu trays ya perforated sieve, kulekana koyamba kumachitika. Nayitrojeni, wokhala ndi nsonga yotsika kwambiri yowira, amakwera pamwamba ngati mpweya. Madzi okhala ndi okosijeni (omwe ali ndi madzi ambiri a argon) pansi.
2. Mzere Wotsika Kupanikizika: Madzi okhala ndi okosijeni kuchokera pansi pa gawo la HP amapindika (kukulitsidwa) mugawo la LP pamwamba pake. Chifukwa cha kupanikizika kwapansi, kulekana kwina kumachitika. Maiwe oyera a okosijeni amadzimadzi pansi pa gawo la LP, pomwe mpweya wa nayitrogeni umachokera pamwamba.

Khwerero 5: The Argon Side-Arm Column

Chifukwa kutentha kwa argon kumakhala pakati pa mpweya ndi nayitrogeni, imayang'ana m'munsi mwa gawo lapakati pa gawo la Low-Pressure. Pachimake kwambiri, kusakaniza kwa gasi mu "mimba" yeniyeniyi ndi pafupifupi 10% mpaka 12% argon, ndipo ena onse amakhala okosijeni ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka nayitrogeni.

Kuti atulutse, mainjiniya amalowetsa gawo ili ndikujambula chisakanizocho kukhala chosiyana, chomangika chotchedwa the Argon Side-Arm Column.
Mkati mwa chigawo chachitali chodabwitsachi (nthawi zambiri chimakhala ndi ma tray opitilira 150), distillation yachiwiri imachitika. Chifukwa argon imakhala yosasunthika pang'ono (zithupsa zosavuta) kuposa mpweya, mpweya wa argon umakwera pamwamba pa ndime yam'mbali, pamene mpweya wochuluka wamadzimadzi umagwera pansi ndikubwerera ku gawo lalikulu la LP.

Zomwe zimatuluka pamwamba pa mkono wam'mbali zimadziwika kuti "crude argon." Panthawiyi, imasungunuka bwino koma imakhala yoyera pafupifupi 98%. Mulinso pafupifupi 2% ya okosijeni ndi kuchuluka kwa nayitrogeni, zomwe ziyenera kuchotsedwa kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito m'mafakitale.

4. Kuyeretsedwa: Kupititsa patsogolo Zopanda Chilungamo ku High-Purity Liquid Argon

Pazinthu zamakono, makamaka m'mafakitale a semiconductor ndi aerospace, argon ayenera kukhala "asanu asanu ndi anayi" oyera (99.999%). The argon wakuda ayenera kuyeretsedwa mwamphamvu.

Njira ya "Deoxo" Catalytic process

Kuchotsa mpweya wotsala wa 2%, argon yaiwisi imayendetsedwa ku chothandizira chotchedwa Deoxo unit. Mkati mwake, mpweya wa haidrojeni woyeretsedwa kwambiri umalowetsedwa mumtsinje wamadzimadzi.
Pansi pa kukhalapo kwa palladium kapena platinamu chothandizira, haidrojeni imakhudzidwa ndi mamolekyu a okosijeni owopsa kupanga madzi (2H.₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O). Izi zimatulutsa kutentha pang'ono, kwakanthawi kutembenuza argon kukhala mpweya.

Kuyanika Komaliza ndi Distillation

Mpweyawo umadutsa musefa yachiwiri ya mamolekyu kuti achotse mamolekyu amadzi amene angopangidwa kumene. Pomaliza, youma, mpweya wopanda mpweya wa argon amalowetsedwa mumzati womaliza wa distillation-mzati woyera wa argon.

Apa, argon imakhazikikanso mpaka itakhazikikanso kukhala madzi. Nayitrogeni iliyonse yotsalira, yomwe imakhalabe mpweya pa kutentha kwa madzi a argon, imatulutsidwa kuchokera pamwamba pa ndime. Zomwe zimapangidwira pansi zimakhala zoyeretsedwa kwambiri, zozizira kwambiri za Liquid Argon (LAR), zokonzeka kugawira malonda.

5. Kusungirako ndi Kuyendetsa kwa Liquid Argon

Funso loti argon gasi limayankhidwa bwanji, vuto lotsatira ndikulisunga momwemo. Pa -185.8 ° C, kutentha kulikonse kumapangitsa madziwo kuwiranso mwamphamvu kukhala gasi - chodabwitsa chotchedwa Boil-Off Gas (BOG).

Kuti athane ndi izi, argon yamadzimadzi imaponyedwa m'matangi apadera, osakanizidwa ndi vacuum-insulated cryogenic storage. Matankiwa amagwira ntchito mofanana ndi botolo la thermos. Amakhala ndi chotengera chamkati chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri (chomwe sichimawonongeka pa kutentha kwa cryogenic) ndi chotengera chakunja chopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha carbon. Danga pakati pa ziwiya ziwirizo limadzazidwa ndi ufa wotsekereza (monga perlite) ndikuponyedwa pansi mpaka pamalo abwino kwambiri kuti athetse kusamutsa kutentha kwa convective ndi conductive.

Ikasamutsidwa kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, LAR imanyamulidwa m'magalimoto apadera oyendetsa matanki a cryogenic. Ikafika pamalo opangira zinthu kapena kuchipatala, imasamutsidwa m'chombo chokhala ndi jekete ya vacuum pamalopo. Makasitomala akafuna mpweya wokwanira kuti agwire ntchito, madziwa amangodutsa mu mpweya wozungulira - machubu angapo a aluminiyamu omwe amayamwa kutentha kuchokera mumlengalenga, ndikutenthetsa bwino madziwo kukhala mpweya wothamanga kwambiri.

6. Mapeto

Kusintha kwa mpweya wosawoneka, wozungulira kukhala wamadzi otentha kwambiri, osachepera ziro ndikodabwitsa kwaukadaulo wamakono wamankhwala ndi thermodynamics. Kupyolera mu magawo okhwima a kupanikizika kwakukulu, kusefa kwa maselo, kukula kwa Joule-Thomson, ndi kutsekemera kwapadera kwambiri, mafakitale amatha kukolola bwino argon omwe amaphimba dziko lathu lapansi.

Kumvetsetsa argon gasi liquefaction ndikofunikira pakukulitsa maunyolo apadziko lonse lapansi. Pamene matekinoloje akupita patsogolo-makamaka pakupanga zamagetsi, kusindikiza zitsulo za 3D, ndi uinjiniya wamlengalenga-kudalira argon yamadzimadzi yoyera kwambiri, yoyendetsedwa bwino idzangopitilira kukula, ndikupangitsa kupatukana kwa mpweya wa cryogenic kukhala imodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri, koma zosayamikiridwa, zama mafakitale masiku ano.

7. Mafunso Ofunsidwa Kawirikawiri

Q1: Ndi kutentha kotani komwe argon amakhala madzi?

Argon kusintha kuchokera mpweya kukhala madzi pa kuwira mfundo ya -185.8°C (-302.4°F) pa muyezo wa mumlengalenga mpweya. Kuti ikhale yamadzimadzi kuti isungidwe ndi kunyamula, iyenera kusungidwa pansi kapena pansi pa kutentha kwa cryogenic pogwiritsa ntchito ziwiya zapadera za vacuum-insulated kuteteza kuwira mwachangu ndi kukula.

Q2: Chifukwa chiyani argon imatengedwa ngati madzi osati gasi?

Chifukwa chachikulu ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Pamene argon itakhazikika mumadzimadzi, imasungunuka pa chiŵerengero cha 1 mpaka 840. Izi zikutanthauza kuti lita imodzi ya argon yamadzimadzi imakhala yofanana ndi 840 malita a argon gasi. Kuyinyamula ngati yamadzimadzi imalola ogulitsa kutulutsa zochuluka, zochulukira mugalimoto imodzi, zomwe zimakhala zotsika mtengo komanso zothandiza kwambiri kuposa kunyamula ma silinda olemera, othamanga kwambiri.

Q3: Kodi kugwira argon yamadzimadzi ndikowopsa?

Inde, argon yamadzimadzi imapereka zoopsa zamafakitale makamaka chifukwa cha kuzizira kwambiri komanso chikhalidwe chake ngati chopumira. Khungu kukhudzana ndi madzi argon kapena uninsulated cryogenic mapaipi kungayambitse chisanu kwambiri kapena cryogenic amayaka nthawi yomweyo. Kuwonjezera apo, chifukwa chakuti imakula mofulumira pamene ikuwotha (kuchuluka kwa 840), kutulutsa pang'ono kwa argon yamadzimadzi mu malo otsekedwa kungathe kuchotsa mpweya wozungulira mofulumira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chiopsezo chachikulu cha kupuma kwa ogwira ntchito pafupi popanda chenjezo lililonse, popeza mpweya umakhala wopanda mtundu komanso wopanda fungo. Mpweya wabwino ndi zida zodzitetezera (PPE) ndizofunikira kwambiri.