IArgon, into ekhoyo kuyo yonke indawo kodwa engabonakaliyo, yenza malunga ne-0.93% yeatmosfera yoMhlaba. Nangona iyeyesithathu ngeyona gesi ininzi emoyeni esiwuphefumlayo, ukuwusebenzisa kwimizi-mveliso, kwezonyango, nakwizicelo zenzululwazi kufuna ubunjineli obuntsonkothileyo. Ukusuka kwii-arcs zokukhusela kwi-welding yobushushu obuphezulu ukuya ekukhuseleni ii-wafers ze-silicon ezibuthathaka ngexesha lokwenziwa kwe-semiconductor, imfuno yale gesi ibalaseleyo inkulu. Nangona kunjalo, ukuthuthwa nokuyigcina kwimo yayo enegesi akuphumelelanga kakhulu. Oku kuphakamisa umbuzo ongundoqo wezoshishino: irhasi yeargon yenziwe njani ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zehlabathi ngokufanelekileyo?

Impendulo ilele kwinkqubo entsonkothileyo eyaziwa ngokuba yi-cryogenic air separation. Esi sikhokelo esibanzi segama le-2,000 siya kungena nzulu kwimigaqo ye-thermodynamic, ubunjineli bomatshini, kunye namanyathelo okuhlanjululwa kweekhemikhali ezifunekayo ukuguqula umoya we-atmospheric kwi-argon ecocekileyo kakhulu, i-cryogenic liquid argon (LAR).

1. Ukuqonda iArgon kunye nesidingo sokuNcitshiswa

Ngaphambi kokuntywila kubuchwephesha bokuntywila, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba yintoni i-argon kwaye kutheni inkqubo yokunyibilikisa iyimfuneko ngokwezoqoqosho nangokwenyani.

IArgon (Ar) yirhasi enesidima, enekhemikhali engasebenziyo. Ayinambala, ayinavumba, kwaye ayinayo ityhefu. Ngenxa yokuba ayisebenzi kunye nezinye izinto nokuba kubushushu obugqithisileyo, yeyona ndawo ifanelekileyo yokukhusela i-atmospheric kwiinkqubo ze-metallurgical.

Kutheni iLiquefy Argon?

Esona sizathu siphambili sokunyibilikisa nayiphi na igesi ye-atmospheric kukunciphisa umthamo. Xa iguqulwa ukusuka kwigesi kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lwe-atmospheric ukuya kulwelo lwe-cryogenic, i-argon ifumana umlinganiselo omkhulu wokwandiswa kwe-1 ukuya kwi-840. Oku kuthetha ukuba iilitha ezingama-840 ze-argon yegesi zinokuncitshiswa kwilitha enye ye i-argon engamanzi. Oku kuncitshiswa komthamo omkhulu kuvumela ukuthuthwa kwezambuku ezingabizi kakhulu ngeelori ze-cryogenic tanker kunye nokugcinwa okusebenzayo kumatanki afakwe i-vacuum-insulated kumaziko oshishino.

Iimpawu zePhysical of Argon

Ukwenza irhasi ibe lulwelo, iinjineli kufuneka zisebenze ngokusondeleyo kunye neempawu zayo ze-thermodynamic. Ngezantsi ngamanqaku abalulekileyo edatha yenyama elawula iiparamitha ze-liquefaction.

2. ISayensi yeSiseko: Ukwahlula koMoya weCryogenic

IArgon ayenziwanga okanye yenziwe; ivunwa ngokuthe ngqo emoyeni osingqongileyo. Itekhnoloji ebanzi esetyenziselwa ukufezekisa oku i-cryogenic fractional distillation.

Le nkqubo ixhomekeke kumgaqo osisiseko wekhemistri: izinto ezahlukeneyo zitshintsha imeko (i-condense okanye ibilisa) kumaqondo obushushu ahlukeneyo. Ngokupholisa umoya wendawo de ube lulwelo, zize zinyuse ubushushu bawo ngokuthe ngcembe, iinjineli ziyakwazi ukwahlula umxube womoya kwiinxalenye zawo ezisisiseko—initrogen, ioksijini neargon—njengoko zibila nganye nganye.

Umngeni wokwahlula kweArgon

Ukwahlula i-argon kwaziwa ngokuba nzima kakhulu ngenxa yokubilisa kwayo. Jonga iindawo ezibilayo zezahlulo ezingundoqo ezintathu zomoya:

3. Inkqubo yeNyathelo ngeNyathelo: Indlela Umoya Uba Yi-Liquid Argon

Uhambo oluvela kwi-ambient air ukuya kwi-cryogenic liquid argon ibandakanya i-multi-stage Air Separation Unit (ASU). Nantsi inkcazo eneenkcukacha, inyathelo ngenyathelo lenkqubo.

Inyathelo 1: Ukungeniswa komoya, ukuNxinzelela, kunye noHluzo

Inkqubo iqala ngezinto ekrwada: ambient emoyeni atmospheric.
Abalandeli abakhulu bemizi mveliso batsala umoya ngezindlu zokucoca ezinamanqanaba amaninzi ukuze basuse i-particle, uthuli kunye nezinambuzane. Xa usuhluziwe, umoya ungena kwi-multi-stage centrifugal compressor. Umoya uxinzelelwe kuxinzelelo olumalunga ne-5 ukuya kwi-7 bar (70 ukuya kwi-100 psi).

Ukucinezela irhasi ngokwemvelo kuvelisa ubushushu obubonakalayo (ubushushu boxinzelelo). Ukulawula oku, ii-intercoolers zibekwe phakathi kwezigaba zoxinzelelo. Ukupholisa umoya kweli nqanaba kukwabangela ukuba inxalenye enkulu yokufuma kwe-atmospheri (umphunga wamanzi) ujike, othi emva koko ukhutshelwe kude.

Inyathelo lesi-2: Ukucocwa ngeSieve zeMolekyuli

Ngaphambi kokuba umoya ube phantsi kobushushu be-cryogenic, konke ukungcola okunokuthi kube ngumkhenkce kunye nokuvala imibhobho kufuneka kususwe ngokupheleleyo. Oku kungcola kubandakanya ikakhulu:

• Umphunga waManzi oshiyekileyo (H2O)
• ICarbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Landela ii-Hydrocarbons

Umoya ocinezelweyo ugqithiswa kwiyunithi yokucoca kwangaphambili (PPU) equkethe iibhedi ze-alumina kunye ne-zeolite molecular sieves. Ezi zisefu zisebenza njengeziponji ezincinci ezikhethiweyo kakhulu, zibhengeza ukufuma kunye neemolekyuli zeCO2. Ukuba eli nyathelo aliphumeleli, i-CO2 kunye nomkhenkce owomileyo unokubumba nzulu ngaphakathi kwisityalo, uvale izinto ezitshintshisa ubushushu kwaye ufune ukuvalwa ngokupheleleyo kwesityalo.

Inyathelo lesi-3: Ukupholisa okugqithisileyo kunye noKwandiswa

Umoya owomileyo, ocociweyo, kunye nocinezelekileyo ngoku ungena "kwibhokisi ebandayo," isakhiwo esigqunywe kakhulu sihlalisa abatshintshi bobushushu be-cryogenic kunye neentsika zedistillation.

Inkqubo yokupholisa isebenzisa i Isiphumo seJoule-Thomson kunye nokwandiswa koomatshini. Umoya ofudumeleyo ongenayo udlula kwindawo yokutshintshiselana kobushushu, oqukuqelayo ukuya kutsho kwiigesi zokukhupha ezibandayo kakhulu (initrogen kunye neoksijini) ezibuya kwiikholamu zokukhupha amanzi. Oku kwehlisa ubushushu bomoya obungenayo ngokumangalisayo.

Ukufezekisa amaqondo okushisa okwenene e-cryogenic (ngaphantsi kwe-170 ° C), inxalenye yomoya oxinyiweyo ihanjiswa nge-turbo-expander. Njengoko irhasi yoxinzelelo oluphezulu ikhula ngokukhawuleza nge-injini yomoya, yenza umsebenzi womatshini, onyanzelisa ukuhla okukhulu kobushushu berhasi. Ngexesha umoya uphuma kwisitshintshi sobushushu kunye nesandisi, ngumxube womphunga obanda ngendlela emangalisayo kunye nomoya elulwelo, olungele ukwahlulwa.

Inyathelo lesi-4: I-Primary Fractional Distillation (i-HP kunye ne-LP Columns)

Intliziyo yenkqubo ye-liquefaction yi-double-column distillation system, equkethe ikholomu ye-High-Pressure (HP) ehleli phantsi kwekholamu ye-Low-Pressure (LP).

1. Ikholamu yoxinzelelo oluphezulu: I-sub-cooled liquid / umphunga umxube womoya ungena ezantsi kwekholamu ye-HP. Njengoko ulwelo luwela ezantsi kwaye umphunga ukhuphuka ngeetreyi zesefo ezinemingxuma, ukwahlukana kokuqala kwenzeka. I-Nitrogen, eneqondo eliphantsi lokubilisa, inyukela phezulu njengegesi. I-oxygen-rich liquid (equlethe i-argon eninzi) amachibi asezantsi.
2. Umqolo woxinzelelo oluphantsi: I-oxygen-rich liquid ukusuka ezantsi kwekholamu ye-HP i-throttled (yandiswa) kwikholamu ye-LP ngaphezu kwayo. Ngenxa yoxinzelelo oluphantsi, ukuhlukana okuqhubekayo kwenzeka. Amachibi e-oksijini yolwelo olusulungekileyo ezantsi kwekholamu ye-LP, ngelixa igesi yenitrogen esulungekileyo iphuma phezulu.

Inyathelo lesi-5: Ikholamu yeArgon Side-Arm

Ngenxa yokuba indawo yokubilisa ye-argon ihleli phakathi kwe-oksijini kunye ne-nitrogen, igxininisa kwicandelo elisezantsi-eliphakathi kwikholomu ye-Low-Pressure. Ekugxininiseni kwayo, umxube wegesi kule "sisu" esithile sekholomu malunga ne-10% ukuya kwi-12% ye-argon, kunye nenye i-oksijini kunye nencinci encinci ye-nitrogen.

Ukuyikhupha, iinjineli zicofa kweli candelo kwaye zoba umxube kwisakhiwo esahlukileyo, esincanyathiselweyo esibizwa ngokuba yi Argon Side-Arm Column.
Ngaphakathi kule kholamu mde ngendlela emangalisayo (ehlala iqulathe ngaphezulu kwe-150 yeetreyi zethiyori), i-distillation yesibini yenzeke. Ngenxa yokuba i-argon iguquguquka kancinane (amathumba alula) kune-oksijini, umphunga we-argon ukhuphuka ukuya phezulu kwikholamu yecala, ngelixa i-oksijini yolwelo enzima iwela ezantsi kwaye ibuyiselwa kwikholamu ye-LP engundoqo.

Yintoni ephuma phezulu kwikholamu yengalo esecaleni yaziwa ngokuba yi "argon crude." Kweli nqanaba, yenziwe inyibiliki ngempumelelo kodwa imalunga nama-98% esulungekileyo. Isaqulathe malunga ne-2% yeoksijini kunye nezixa ze-nitrogen, ekufuneka zisuswe ukuze zisetyenziswe kwimizi-mveliso.

4. Ukuhlanjululwa: Ukuphucula i-Crude ukuya kwi-High-Purity Liquid Argon

Ukusetyenziswa kwanamhlanje, ngokukodwa kwi-semiconductor kunye ne-aerospace industries, i-argon kufuneka ibe "i-nines ezintlanu" ezicocekileyo (99.999%). I-argon ekrwada kufuneka ihlambuluke ngokungqongqo.

Inkqubo ye "Deoxo" Catalytic

Ukususa i-2% ye-oksijeni eseleyo, i-argon ekrwada ihanjiswa kwi-reactor catalytic eyaziwa ngokuba yiyunithi ye-Deoxo. Ngaphakathi, irhasi yehydrogen esulungeke kakhulu itofwa kumjelo wolwelo.
Phantsi kobukho be-palladium okanye iplatinam catalyst, i-hydrogen ngokwekhemikhali idibana neemolekyuli zeoksijini ezimdaka ukuze zenze amanzi (2H.₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O). Le mpendulo ikhupha ubushushu obuncinci, okomzuzwana ukuguqula i-argon ibe yigesi.

Ukomisa okokugqibela kunye neDistillation

Irhasi ke iye idluliselwe kwisihluzo sesibini semolekyuli ukuhluba iimolekyuli zamanzi ezisandul’ ukusekwa. Ekugqibeleni, owomileyo, igesi yeargon engena-oksijini ifakwe kwikholamu yokugqibela ye-distillation-ikholamu ye-argon ecocekileyo.

Apha, i-argon ipholiswe kwakhona ide ijike ibuyele kwimeko yolwelo. Nayiphi na i-nitrogen yokulandelela intsalela, ehlala i-gaseous kubushushu be-argon yolwelo, ikhupha umoya ukusuka phezulu kwikholomu. Imveliso ephumayo yokudibanisa ezantsi ihlanjululwe kakhulu, i-ultra-cold Liquid Argon (LAR), ilungele ukuhanjiswa kwezorhwebo.

5. Ukugcinwa kunye nokuThuthwa kwe-Liquid Argon

Emva kokuba umbuzo wendlela i-argon gas liquefied uphendulwe ngayo, umngeni olandelayo ukuwugcina kweso simo. Kwi--185.8 ° C, nakuphi na ukutyhileka kubushushu be-ambient kuya kubangela ukuba ulwelo lubilise ngamandla kwakhona kwirhasi-into eyaziwa ngokuba yiBoil-Off Gas (BOG).

Ukulwa noku, i-argon yolwelo impontshelwa kwiitanki zokugcina ezikhethekileyo, i-vacuum-insulated cryogenic. La matanki asebenza ngokufanayo kwi-thermos flask. Ziquka isitya sangaphakathi esenziwe ngensimbi engenasici (esingabi brittle kumaqondo okushisa e-cryogenic) kunye nesitya sangaphandle esenziwe nge-carbon steel. Isithuba phakathi kweenqanawa ezimbini sigcwele i-powder insulating (efana ne-perlite) kwaye iphonswe phantsi kwi-vacuum ekufutshane-egqibeleleyo ukuphelisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu obushushu.

Xa ithunyelwa kubasebenzisi bokugqibela, i-LAR ithwalwa kwiilori ezikhethekileyo ze-cryogenic tanker. Ekufikeni kwiplanti yokuvelisa okanye esibhedlele, itshintshelwa kwinqanawa emileyo enejacket yevacuum kwisiza. Xa umthengi efuna i-gaseous argon kwiinkqubo zabo, ulwelo luhanjiswa ngokulula kwi-ambient air vaporizer-uthotho lweetyhubhu ze-aluminiyam ezicociweyo ezifunxa ubushushu obuvela kumoya ojikelezileyo, zifudumeza ngokukhuselekileyo ulwelo lubuyele kwirhasi yoxinzelelo oluphezulu.

6. Isiphelo

Ukuguqulwa komoya ongabonakaliyo, ophakathi kwi-ultra-pure, sub-zero liquide iyamangalisa yobunjineli bemichiza yanamhlanje kunye ne-thermodynamics. Ngamanqanaba angqongqo oxinzelelo oluphezulu loxinzelelo, ukuhluzwa kweemolekyuli, ukwandiswa kweJoule-Thomson, kunye ne-fractional distillation ebuthathaka kakhulu, amashishini anokuvuna ngokufanelekileyo i-argon egubungela iplanethi yethu.

Ukuqonda i-argon gas liquefaction ibalulekile ekwandiseni ikhonkco lonikezelo lwehlabathi. Njengoko itekhnoloji iqhubela phambili-ngokukodwa kwimveliso ye-elektroniki, ushicilelo lwesinyithi lwe-3D, kunye nobunjineli be-aerospace-ukuthembela kwi-argon yolwelo olusulungekileyo, oluthuthwa ngokufanelekileyo luya kuqhubeka lukhula, lusenza ukwahlukana komoya we-cryogenic kube yenye yezona nkqubo zibalulekileyo, kodwa ezingaxatyiswanga, iinkqubo zoshishino kwihlabathi lanamhlanje.

7. Ii-FAQs

I-Q1: Bubuphi ubushushu obuthi iargon ibe lulwelo?

Argon utshintsho ukusuka irhasi ukuya elulwelo kwindawo abilayo -185.8°C (-302.4°F) kuxinzelelo oluqhelekileyo lomoya. Ukuyigcina ikwimeko engamanzi yokugcina kunye nokuthutha, kufuneka igcinwe okanye ingaphantsi kobu bushushu be-cryogenic usebenzisa iinqanawa ezikhethekileyo ze-vacuum-insulated ukukhusela ukubila ngokukhawuleza kunye nokwandiswa.

I-Q2: Kutheni i-argon ithuthwa njengolwelo kunegesi?

Esona sizathu siphambili kukusebenza komthamo. Xa i-argon ipholile ibe yinto engamanzi, idibanisa kumlinganiselo we-1 ukuya kwi-840. Oku kuthetha ukuba ilitha enye ye-argon yolwelo iqulethe i-840 yelitha yegesi ye-argon. Ukuyithutha njengolwelo kuvumela ababoneleli ukuba bazise ubungakanani obukhulu, isambuku esikhulu kwilori enye, enexabiso elikhulu kakhulu kwaye iyasebenza ngokubonakalayo kunokuthutha iisilinda zegesi ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu.

I-Q3: Ngaba ukuphatha i-argon yolwelo kuyingozi?

Ewe, i-argon yolwelo ibonakalisa iingozi ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso ngenxa yokubanda okugqithisileyo kunye nobume bayo njenge-asphyxiant. Ukuqhagamshelana nolusu kunye ne-argon yolwelo okanye imibhobho ye-cryogenic engafakwanga kunokubangela i-frostbite enzima okanye ukutshisa kwe-cryogenic ngoko nangoko. Ngaphezu koko, ngenxa yokuba isanda ngokukhawuleza njengoko ifudumala (i-840 amaxesha ayo umthamo wayo), ukuvuza okuncinci kwe-argon yolwelo kwindawo evaliweyo kunokukhawuleza ukukhupha i-oksijeni yendawo, ekhokelela kumngcipheko omkhulu wokuphefumla kubasebenzi abakufutshane ngaphandle kwesilumkiso, njengoko igesi ingenambala kwaye ayinavumba. Ukungena komoya okufanelekileyo kunye nezixhobo zokuzikhusela (PPE) zifunwa ngokungqongqo.