Argon, chinhu chinowanikwa kwose kwose asi chisingaoneki, chinoumba 0.93% yemhepo yepasi. Kunyange zvazvo iri gasi rechitatu rakawandisa mumhepo yatinofema, kurishandisa kumaindasitiri, kurapwa, uye kushandiswa kwesainzi kunoda mainjiniya akaomarara. Kubva pakudzivirira arcs mune yakakwirira-tembiricha welding kusvika pakudzivirira yakapfava silicon wafers panguva yekugadzira semiconductor, kudiwa kweiyi gasi rakanaka kwakakura. Nekudaro, kuitakura nekuichengeta munzvimbo yayo ine gasi hakuna kunyatsoshanda. Izvi zvinomutsa mubvunzo wakakosha weindasitiri: sei argon gasi yakanyungudutswa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa pasi rose nenzira kwayo?

Mhinduro iri mune yakaomesesa maitiro anozivikanwa se cryogenic air separation. Iyi 2,000-izwi yakazara dhairekitori inoongorora zvakadzika mukati meiyo thermodynamic misimboti, mechanical engineering, uye makemikari ekuchenesa matanho anodiwa kushandura mweya wemuchadenga kuita wakanatswa, cryogenic liquid argon (LAR).

1. Kunzwisisa Argon uye Kudiwa kweLiquefaction

Usati wanyura mumakanika e liquefaction, zvakakosha kuti unzwisise kuti chii chinonzi argon uye nei nzira yekunyungudutsa iri mune zvehupfumi uye zvichidikanwa.

Argon (Ar) is monatomic, kemikari inert yakanaka gasi. Haina ruvara, haina hwema, uye haina chepfu. Nekuti haibatike nezvimwe zvinhu kunyangwe pakupisa kwakanyanya, ndiyo yakanakisa nhovo yemhepo yemetallurgical process.

Sei Liquefy Argon?

Chikonzero chikuru chekunyungudutsa chero gasi remuchadenga kuderedzwa kwevhoriyamu. Kana yashandurwa kubva kune gasi payakajairwa atmospheric pressure kuenda kune cryogenic liquid, argon inopinda muyero yekuwedzera yakakura kubva 1 kusvika 840. Izvi zvinoreva kuti 840 litres of gaseous argon inogona kunyungudutswa kuita rita rimwechete re Liquid Argon. Uku kudzikiswa kunoshamisa kwevhoriyamu kunobvumira kudhura-zvinobudirira kutakura zvakawanda kuburikidza nemarori e-cryogenic tanker uye kuchengetedza kwakanaka mumatangi ekuputira-akavharirwa munzvimbo dzeindasitiri.

Zvinhu Zvenyama zveArgon

Kushandisa gasi kuita mvura, mainjiniya anofanirwa kushanda zvakanyanya neayo thermodynamic properties. Pazasi pane yakakosha data data mapoinzi anoraira iyo liquefaction paramita.

2. The Foundational Science: Cryogenic Air Separation

Argon haina kugadzirwa kana kugadzirwa; inokohwewa zvakananga kubva kumhepo yakatipoteredza. Iyo yepamusoro tekinoroji inoshandiswa kuita izvi ndeye cryogenic fractional distillation.

Izvi zvinotsamira pamusimboti wakakosha wekemesitiri: zvinhu zvakasiyana zvinoshandura mamiriro (kukonesa kana kufashaira) pakupisa kwakasiyana. Nokutonhodza mhepo yakapoteredza kusvikira yava mvura, uyezve kukwidza tembiricha yayo zvishoma nezvishoma, mainjiniya anogona kupatsanura musanganiswa wemhepo muzvikamu zvawo zvepasi—nitrogen, oxygen, uye argon—sezvazvinofashaira chimwe nechimwe.

Dambudziko reArgon Separation

Kuparadzanisa argon kunozivikanwa zvakaoma nekuda kwekuvira kwayo. Tarisa mapoinzi ekuvira ezvikamu zvitatu zvikuru zvemuchadenga:

3. Nhanho-neNhanho Maitiro: Mhepo Inova Sei Liquid Argon

Rwendo kubva kumhepo yakadzika kuenda kune cryogenic liquid argon inosanganisira yakawanda-nhanho Air Separation Unit (ASU). Heino yakadzama, nhanho-ne-nhanho kupatsanurwa kwemaitiro.

Danho 1: Mhepo Inopinza, Kudzvanya, uye kusefa

Iyo nzira inotanga neyakagadzirwa zvinhu: ambient atmospheric air.
Mafesi makuru emaindasitiri anodhonza mhepo kuburikidza neakawanda-nhanho mafirita dzimba kuti abvise zvinhu, guruva, uye tumbuyu. Kana yangosefa, mhepo inopinda mu-multi-stage centrifugal compressor. Mhepo inomanikidzwa kusvika pakumanikidzwa kwe5 kusvika ku7 bar (70 kusvika 100 psi).

Kudzvanya gasi kunogadzira kupisa kwakanyanya (kupisa kwekumanikidza). Kugadzirisa izvi, ma intercoolers anoiswa pakati pematanho ekumanikidza. Kutonhodza mhepo pachinhanho ichi kunoitawo kuti chikamu chikuru cheunyoro hwemuchadenga (mhute yemvura) ibude, iyo inozopera.

Nhanho yechipiri: Kucheneswa kuburikidza neMolecular Sieves

Mhepo isati yaiswa pasi petembiricha ye cryogenic, zvese zvinoteedzera tsvina zvinogona kuomesa nekuvhara pombi dzinofanirwa kubviswa zvachose. Kusachena uku kunonyanya kusanganisira:

• Residual Water Vapor (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Trace Hydrocarbons

Mhepo yakamanikidzwa inopfuudzwa kuburikidza ne-pre-purification unit (PPU) ine mibhedha yealumina uye zeolite molecular sieves. Aya masefa anoita seanonyanya kusarudza masiponji asingaoneki, achishambadza hunyoro uye CO2 mamorekuru. Kana danho iri rikakundikana, CO2 nechando chakaoma chaizoumba mukati mechirimwa ichi, ichivhara dziya dzakapfava dzekudziya uye dzichida kuti chirimwa chivharwe zvachose.

Nhanho 3: Kunyanya Kutonhora uye Kuwedzera

Mhepo yakaoma, yakacheneswa, uye yakatsikirirwa zvino yapinda mu "bhokisi rinotonhora," chimiro chakavharidzirwa zvakanyanya chinogara cryogenic heat exchanger uye distillation columns.

Iyo yekutonhora nzira inoshandisa iyo Joule-Thomson effect uye mechanical kuwedzera. Mhepo inodziya inopinda inopfuura nepamuchinjiziri mukuru wekupisa, ichiyerera ichienda kumhepo inotonhora zvikuru yekupedza mweya (nitrogen neokisijeni) ichidzoka kubva kumbiru dze distillation. Izvi zvinoderedza tembiricha yemhepo iri kuuya zvakanyanya.

Kuti uwane tembiricha yechokwadi cryogenic (pasi -170 ° C), chikamu chemhepo yakamanikidzwa inofambiswa kuburikidza ne turbo-expander. Sezvo gasi repamusoro-soro rinowedzera nekukurumidza kuburikidza ne turbine, rinoita basa remakanika, iro rinomanikidza kudonha kukuru mukupisa kwegasi. Nenguva iyo mhepo inobuda muchinjisa yekupisa nekuwedzera, musanganiswa wemhute inotonhora zvisingaite uye mweya wemvura, wakagadzirira kupatsanurwa.

Nhanho 4: Yekutanga Fractional Distillation (HP uye LP Columns)

Mwoyo weiyo liquefaction process ndiyo kaviri-column distillation system, inosanganisira High-Pressure (HP) column yakagara pasi peLow-Pressure (LP) column.

1. High-Pressure Column: Iyo sub-yakatonhorera mvura / mhute yemhepo musanganiswa inopinda pasi peiyo HP column. Sezvo mvura inowira pasi uye mhute inokwira kuburikidza ne perforated sieve trays, kupatsanurwa kwekutanga kunoitika. Nitrogen, ine nzvimbo yakaderera yekuvira, inokwira kumusoro segasi. Oxygen-rich liquid (ine yakawanda yeargon) madziva ari pasi.
2. Low-Pressure Column: Iyo yakapfuma-okisijeni mvura kubva pasi peiyo HP column inokwidziridzwa (yakawedzerwa) muchikamu cheLP pamusoro payo. Pamusana pekudzvinyirirwa kwakaderera, kuwedzera kuparadzaniswa kunoitika. Mvura yakachena yeokisijeni madziva pazasi chaipo peiyo LP column, nepo yakachena nitrogen gasi ichibuda pamusoro.

Nhanho yechishanu: Iyo Argon Side-Arm Column

Nokuti argon's boiling point inogara pakati peokisijeni nenitrogen, inotarisa muchikamu chepakati-chepakati cheLow-Pressure column. Pakukwirira kwayo kwepamusoro, musanganiswa wegasi mune iyi "dumbu" chaiyo yekoromo inenge 10% kusvika 12% argon, uye imwe yose iine okisijeni uye chidimbu chiduku chenitrogen.

Kuti aibvise, mainjiniya anobaya muchikamu ichi uye anodhirowa musanganiswa mune yakaparadzana, yakasungirirwa chimiro chinonzi the Argon Side-Arm Column.
Mukati meiyi mbiru refu inoshamisa (kazhinji ine pamusoro pe150 theoretical trays), imwe distillation yechipiri inoitika. Nekuti argon inoputika zvishoma (inofashaira zviri nyore) pane okisijeni, iyo argon mhute inokwira kumusoro kwembiru yeparutivi, nepo mvura inorema okisijeni inowira pasi uye inodzoserwa kune hombe LP column.

Izvo zvinobuda kubva kumusoro kwekona yerutivi-ruoko inozivikanwa se "crude argon." Panguva ino, inobudirira kunyungudutswa asi inenge 98% chete yakachena. Ichiri ine ingangoita 2% okisijeni uye inoteedzera huwandu hwenitrogen, iyo inofanirwa kubviswa kuti ishandiswe mumaindasitiri.

4. Kucheneswa: Kukwidziridza Crude kune High-Purity Liquid Argon

Kumashandisirwo emazuva ano, kunyanya mu semiconductor uye maindasitiri emuchadenga, argon inofanira kunge iri "mapfumbamwe mapfumbamwe" akachena (99.999%). Iyo argon isina kuchena inofanirwa kucheneswa kwakasimba.

Iyo "Deoxo" Catalytic Maitiro

Kubvisa yakasara 2% okisijeni, iyo crude argon inoendeswa kune catalytic reactor inozivikanwa seDeoxo unit. Mukati, gasi rehydrogen rakachena kwazvo rinopinzwa murukova rwemvura.
Pasi pehuvepo hwepalladium kana platinamu catalyst, iyo hydrogen kemikemikari inopindirana nemamorekuru eokisijeni akashata kuita mvura (2H.₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O). Izvi zvinoburitsa zvishoma zvekupisa, kwechinguva kushandura argon kudzoka kuita gasi.

Yekupedzisira Kuomesa uye Distillation

Gasi rinobva rapfuura nepasecondary molecular sieve kuti ribvise mamorekuru emvura achangobva kuumbwa. Pakupedzisira, yakaoma, okisijeni-isina argon gasi inodyiswa muchikamu chekupedzisira che distillation-yakachena argon column.

Pano, iyo argon inotonhodzwa zvakare kusvikira yanyunguduka ichidzokera kumvura. Chero yasara trace nitrogen, iyo inoramba iine gasi pane yemvura tembiricha argon, inoburitswa kubva pamusoro pembiru. Chigadzirwa chinokonzeresa kusanganiswa pazasi chakanatswa zvakanyanya, ultra-inotonhora Liquid Argon (LAR), yakagadzirira kugoverwa kwekutengesa.

5. Kuchengetedza uye Kutakura kweLiquid Argon

Kana mubvunzo wekuti argon gasi yakanyungudutswa sei inopindurwa, dambudziko rinotevera nderekuichengeta iri munzvimbo iyoyo. Pa -185.8 ° C, chero kutarisana nekupisa kwemukati kuchaita kuti mvura ifashaire zvine chisimba ichidzokera mugasi - chiitiko chinozivikanwa seBoil-Off Gas (BOG).

Kurwisa izvi, mvura argon inopombwa mumatangi akanyanya hunyanzvi, vacuum-insulated cryogenic kuchengetedza matangi. Aya matangi anoshanda zvakafanana kune thermos flask. Izvo zvinosanganisira mudziyo wemukati wakagadzirwa nesimbi isina tsvina (iyo isingaite brittle pakupisa kwe cryogenic) uye mudziyo wekunze wakagadzirwa nekabhoni simbi. Nzvimbo iri pakati pemidziyo miviri iyi yakazadzwa nehupfu inodzivirira (senge perlite) uye inopomberwa pasi kusvika padyo-yakakwana vacuum kubvisa convective uye conductive kupisa kupisa.

Kana yatakurwa kuenda kuvashandisi vekupedzisira, LAR inotakurwa mune yakasarudzika cryogenic tanker marori. Kana yasvika pafekitari yekugadzira kana kuchipatara, inotamisirwa mumudziyo wakamira vacuum-jaketi pa-saiti. Kana mutengi achida gaseous argon yemaitiro avo, mvura yacho inongofambiswa nemumhepo inopfungaira - nhevedzano yemachubhu ealuminium akacheneswa anotora kupisa kubva kumhepo yakatenderedza, ichidziya zvakachengetedzeka mugidhi mugasi rinodzvanywa.

6. Mhedziso

Shanduko yemhepo isingaonekwe, yakapoteredza kuita ultra-pure, sub-zero liquid inoshamisa yemazuva ano makemikoro engineering uye thermodynamics. Kuburikidza nematanho akaomesesa e-high-pressure compression, molecular filtration, Joule-Thomson kuwedzera, uye yakanyanya kunzwisiswa diki distillation, maindasitiri anogona kukohwa zvinobudirira argon inofukidza pasi redu.

Kunzwisisa argon gasi liquefaction kwakakosha pakugadzirisa cheni dzepasi rose. Sezvo matekinoroji anofambira mberi-kunyanya mukugadzira zvemagetsi, 3D simbi kudhinda, uye aerospace engineering-kuvimba kwakanyanya kuchena, kufambiswa zvakanaka kutakurwa kwemvura argon kunongoramba kuchikura, zvichiita kuti kupatsanurwa kwemhepo ye cryogenic kuve imwe yeakanyanya kukosha, asi isingakosheswe, maindasitiri maitiro munyika yanhasi.

7. FAQs

Q1: Ndeipi tembiricha iyo argon inova mvura?

Argon inoshanduka kubva kugasi kuenda kumvura panzvimbo yekuvira ye -185.8°C (-302.4°F) pakumanikidzwa kwemhepo. Kuichengetedza iri mumvura yekuchengetera uye kutakura, inofanirwa kuchengetwa iri kana pasi peiyi tembiricha ye cryogenic uchishandisa yakasarudzika vacuum-insulated midziyo kudzivirira kukurumidza kufashaira uye kuwedzera.

Q2: Sei argon inotakurwa semvura pane gasi?

Chikonzero chikuru ndechekuita vhoriyamu. Kana argon yakatonhodzwa kuita mvura, inodzika pachiyero che 1 kusvika 840. Izvi zvinoreva kuti rita rimwe remvura argon rine zvakaenzana ne840 malita eargon gas. Kuitakura semvura kunobvumira vatengesi kuti vaunze hukuru, huwandu hwakawanda murori imwe chete, iyo inodhura zvakanyanya uye inoshanda zvine hungwaru pane kutakura anorema, ane high-pressure gasi silinda.

Q3: Kubata mvura argon kune ngozi here?

Ehe, mvura argon inopa njodzi dzakakura dzeindasitiri nekuda kwekutonhora kwayo kwakanyanya uye hunhu hwayo seyakafema. Kusangana kweganda nemvura argon kana uninsulated cryogenic piping inogona kukonzera chando chakanyanya kana cryogenic kutsva ipapo. Uyezve, nokuti inowedzera nokukurumidza apo inodziya (840 nguva yehuwandu hwayo), kudonha kuduku kweargon yemvura munzvimbo yakavharwa kunogona kukurumidza kubvisa ambient oxygen, zvichiita kuti pave nenjodzi huru yekufemerwa kwevashandi vepedyo pasina yambiro, sezvo gasi risina ruvara uye risina kunhuwa. Kufefetedza kwakaringana uye midziyo yekudzivirira yemunhu (PPE) inodiwa zvakanyanya.