Argon, ib qho tseem ceeb tseem tsis tau pom, ua rau kwv yees li 0.93% ntawm lub ntiaj teb huab cua. Thaum nws yog qhov thib peb cov pa roj ntau tshaj plaws hauv huab cua peb ua pa, siv nws rau kev lag luam, kev kho mob, thiab kev siv txuj ci yuav tsum muaj kev tsim vaj tsev. Los ntawm shielding arcs nyob rau hauv high-temperature welding los tiv thaiv ilv silicon wafers thaum lub sij hawm tsim semiconductor, qhov kev thov rau noble roj yog loj heev. Txawm li cas los xij, kev thauj thiab khaws cia rau hauv nws lub xeev gaseous yog qhov tsis muaj txiaj ntsig. Qhov no tsa cov lus nug tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam: Yuav ua li cas yog argon gas liquefied kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau thoob ntiaj teb zoo?

Cov lus teb yog nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem sophisticated hu ua cryogenic huab cua sib cais. Phau ntawv qhia 2,000 lo lus no yuav nkag siab tob rau hauv cov ntsiab lus thermodynamic, mechanical engineering, thiab chemical purification cov kauj ruam uas yuav tsum tau los hloov cov huab cua hauv huab cua mus rau hauv cov dej ntshiab, cryogenic kua argon (LAR).

1. Nkag siab txog Argon thiab Kev Xav Tau Liquefaction

Ua ntej dhia mus rau hauv cov tshuab ntawm liquefaction, nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab tias argon yog dab tsi thiab vim li cas cov txheej txheem liquefaction yog kev lag luam thiab siv tau.

Argon (Ar) yog monatomic, chemically inert noble gas. Nws yog xim tsis muaj ntxhiab, tsis muaj ntxhiab, thiab tsis muaj tshuaj lom. Vim tias nws tsis hnov ​​​​mob nrog lwm cov ntsiab lus txawm tias qhov kub thiab txias, nws yog qhov zoo tshaj plaws atmospheric shield rau metallurgical txheej txheem.

Vim li cas Liquefy Argon?

Lub hauv paus yog vim li cas rau liquefying tej pa atmospheric yog txo ntim. Thaum hloov los ntawm cov pa roj ntawm tus qauv atmospheric siab mus rau cov kua cryogenic, argon undergoes loj expansion piv ntawm 1 mus rau 840. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias 840 litres ntawm gaseous argon yuav condensed rau hauv ib liter ntawm. Ua Kua Argon. Qhov kev txo qis hauv qhov ntim no tso cai rau kev thauj mus los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo los ntawm cov tsheb thauj khoom cryogenic thiab khaws cia hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum ntawm cov chaw tsim khoom.

Lub cev muaj zog ntawm Argon

Txhawm rau tswj cov roj rau hauv cov kua, cov kws ua haujlwm yuav tsum ua haujlwm sib raug zoo nrog nws cov khoom siv thermodynamic. Hauv qab no yog cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb ntawm lub cev cov ntaub ntawv uas hais txog liquefaction tsis.

2. Lub Hauv Paus Kev Tshawb Fawb: Cryogenic Cua Sib cais

Argon tsis yog tsim los yog synthesized; nws yog sau ncaj qha los ntawm huab cua nyob ib ncig ntawm peb. Lub overarching technology siv los ua kom tiav qhov no cryogenic fractional distillation.

Cov txheej txheem no tso siab rau lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm chemistry: cov khoom sib txawv hloov lub xeev (condense lossis boil) ntawm qhov sib txawv. Los ntawm cua txias ambient kom txog thaum nws dhau los ua kua, thiab tom qab ntawd maj mam nce nws qhov kub thiab txias, engineers tuaj yeem cais cov huab cua sib xyaw rau hauv nws lub hauv paus Cheebtsam - nitrogen, oxygen, thiab argon - raws li lawv boil tawm ib los ntawm ib tug.

Kev Sib Tw ntawm Argon Sib cais

Separating argon yog qhov tsis yooj yim vim nws qhov kub hnyiab. Saib cov ntsiab lus kub ntawm peb lub ntsiab atmospheric Cheebtsam:

3. Cov txheej txheem ib ntus: Yuav ua li cas cua ua kua Argon

Txoj kev taug kev los ntawm huab cua ambient mus rau cryogenic kua argon suav nrog ntau theem Air Separation Unit (ASU). Ntawm no yog cov ncauj lus kom ntxaws, step-by-step breakdown ntawm tus txheej txheem.

Kauj Ruam 1: Kev nqus cua, compression, thiab lim

Cov txheej txheem pib nrog cov khoom siv raw: ambient atmospheric huab cua.
Cov kiv cua loj heev rub cua los ntawm ntau theem lim tsev kom tshem tawm cov teeb meem, plua plav, thiab kab. Thaum lim, huab cua nkag mus rau ntau theem centrifugal compressor. Cov huab cua yog compressed rau lub siab ntawm kwv yees li 5 mus rau 7 bar (70 mus rau 100 psi).

Compressing ib qho roj ib txwm ua kom muaj cua sov tseem ceeb (lub tshav kub ntawm compression). Txhawm rau tswj qhov no, intercoolers tau muab tso rau nruab nrab ntawm cov theem compression. Cov cua txias ntawm theem no kuj ua rau feem ntau ntawm ambient atmospheric noo noo (dej vapor) kom condense tawm, uas yog tom qab ntws tawm.

Kauj Ruam 2: Purification ntawm Molecular Sieves

Ua ntej huab cua tuaj yeem raug rau qhov kub thiab txias, tag nrho cov kab tsis huv uas tuaj yeem khov thiab thaiv cov kav dej yuav tsum raug tshem tawm tag nrho. Cov impurities feem ntau muaj xws li:

• Residual Dej Vapor (H2O)
• Cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Nrhiav Hydrocarbons

Cov cua compressed yog dhau los ntawm chav ua ntej purification (PPU) uas muaj cov txaj ntawm alumina thiab zeolite molecular sieves. Cov sieves no ua raws li kev xaiv microscopic sponges, adsorbing cov dej noo thiab CO2 molecules. Yog tias cov kauj ruam no ua tsis tiav, CO2 thiab cov dej khov qhuav yuav sib sib zog nqus hauv cov nroj tsuag, txhaws cov khoom siv hluav taws xob zoo thiab yuav tsum tau kaw cov nroj tsuag kom tiav.

Kauj Ruam 3: Ua kom txias txias thiab nthuav dav

Cov cua qhuav, huv si, thiab compressed cua tam sim no nkag mus rau hauv "lub thawv txias," ib qho kev tiv thaiv hnyav hnyav nyob hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.

Cov txheej txheem cua txias siv cov Joule-Thomson effect thiab mechanical expansion. Cov huab cua sov tuaj dhau los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tseem ceeb, ntws tawm tam sim no mus rau cov pa cua txias heev (nitrogen thiab oxygen) rov qab los ntawm cov kab distillation. Qhov no tee cov huab cua tuaj kub heev.

Txhawm rau ua kom tiav qhov kub thiab txias txias (hauv qab -170 ° C), ib feem ntawm cov cua compressed yog dhau los ntawm turbo-expander. Raws li cov roj hluav taws xob siab nrawm nrawm nrawm los ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, nws ua haujlwm txhua yam, uas ua rau poob qis hauv cov pa kub. Thaum lub sij hawm cov huab cua tawm ntawm lub tshav kub exchanger thiab expander, nws yog ib tug sib tov ntawm incredibly txias vapor thiab kua cua, npaj rau kev sib cais.

Kauj Ruam 4: Thawj Fractional Distillation (HP thiab LP Kab)

Lub plawv ntawm cov txheej txheem liquefaction yog ob-kem distillation system, muaj xws li High-Pressure (HP) kem zaum hauv qab ntawm Low-Pressure (LP) kem.

1. High-Pressure Kem: Lub sub-cooled kua / vapor cua sib tov nkag mus rau hauv qab ntawm HP kem. Raws li cov kua ntog mus rau hauv qab thiab cov vapor nce los ntawm perforated sieve tais, thawj kev sib cais tshwm sim. Nitrogen, nrog rau qhov kub siab tshaj plaws, nce mus rau saum toj li roj. Oxygen-nplua nuj kua (muaj feem ntau ntawm argon) pas dej hauv qab.
2. Low-Pressure Kem: Cov kua oxygen nplua nuj nyob hauv qab ntawm HP kem yog throttled (ntev) rau hauv LP kem saum nws. Vim qhov qis qis, kev sib cais ntxiv yuav tshwm sim. Ntshiab kua oxygen pas dej nyob rau hauv qab ntawm LP kem, thaum cov pa roj nitrogen ntshiab tawm sab saum toj.

Kauj Ruam 5: Lub Argon Sab-Arm Kem

Vim hais tias argon lub boiling point nyob nruab nrab ntawm cov pa thiab nitrogen, nws concentrates nyob rau hauv qis-middle seem ntawm Low-Pressure kem. Thaum nws qhov siab tshaj plaws, cov roj sib tov hauv qhov tshwj xeeb "plab" ntawm kab yog kwv yees li 10% mus rau 12% argon, nrog rau qhov seem yog oxygen thiab ib qho me me ntawm nitrogen.

Txhawm rau rho tawm nws, engineers coj mus rhaub rau hauv ntu tshwj xeeb no thiab kos cov sib tov rau hauv ib qho kev sib cais, txuas nrog hu ua Argon Side-Arm Kem.
Hauv kem siab kawg no (feem ntau muaj ntau dua 150 theoretical tais), ib qho kev distillation thib ob tshwm sim. Vim hais tias argon yog me ntsis volatile (boils yooj yim dua) dua cov pa, argon vapor nce mus rau sab saum toj ntawm sab, thaum cov kua oxygen hnyav dua poob rau hauv qab thiab rov qab mus rau lub ntsiab LP kem.

Dab tsi tshwm sim los ntawm sab saum toj ntawm sab caj npab yog hu ua "Crude argon." Nyob rau theem no, nws tau ua tiav liquefied tab sis tsuas yog hais txog 98% ntshiab. Nws tseem muaj kwv yees li 2% oxygen thiab cov lej ntawm nitrogen, uas yuav tsum tau muab tshem tawm rau kev lag luam.

4. Purification: Txhim kho Crude rau High-Purity Liquid Argon

Rau cov kev siv niaj hnub no, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv semiconductor thiab aerospace industries, argon yuav tsum yog "tsib cuaj" ntshiab (99.999%). Lub crude argon yuav tsum tau ua kom huv huv.

Cov txheej txheem "Deoxo" Catalytic

Txhawm rau tshem tawm 2% cov pa oxygen ntxiv, cov argon crude raug xa mus rau lub catalytic reactor hu ua Deoxo unit. Sab hauv, cov pa roj ntshiab hydrogen tau txhaj rau hauv cov kua dej.
Nyob rau hauv lub xub ntiag ntawm ib tug palladium los yog platinum catalyst, cov hydrogen chemically reacts nrog lub siab phem oxygen molecules los tsim dej (2H₂ + O₂ → 2 H₂O). Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv no tso tawm me me ntawm cov cua sov, ib ntus tig lub argon rov qab rau hauv cov roj.

Thaum kawg ziab thiab Distillation

Tom qab ntawd cov roj tau dhau los ntawm qhov nruab nrab molecular sieve kom tshem tawm cov dej uas tsim tawm tshiab. Thaum kawg, qhuav, argon tsis muaj oxygen yog pub rau hauv kab kawg distillation-cov ntshiab argon kem.

Ntawm no, argon yog txias ib zaug ntxiv kom txog thaum nws condenses rov qab mus rau hauv lub xeev ua kua. Txhua qhov seem seem nitrogen, uas tseem muaj roj nyob ntawm cov kua argon kub, yog vented los ntawm sab saum toj ntawm kem. Cov khoom tsim tawm hauv qab yog purified heev, ultra-txias Liquid Argon (LAR), npaj rau kev lag luam tis.

5. Cia thiab thauj cov kua Argon

Thaum cov lus nug ntawm yuav ua li cas argon gas liquefied yog teb, qhov kev sib tw tom ntej yog khaws cia rau hauv lub xeev ntawd. Thaum -185.8 ° C, ib qho kev raug rau ambient kub yuav ua rau cov kua kub hnyiab rov qab mus rau hauv cov pa roj-ib qho tshwm sim hu ua Boil-Off Gas (BOG).

Txhawm rau tiv thaiv qhov no, cov kua argon tau muab tso rau hauv cov khoom tshwj xeeb, lub tshuab nqus tsev insulated cryogenic cia tso tsheb hlau luam. Cov tso tsheb hlau luam no ua haujlwm zoo ib yam li lub khob thermos. Lawv muaj cov hlab ntsha sab hauv uas ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel (uas tsis dhau los ua nkig ntawm qhov kub thiab txias) thiab lub nkoj sab nrauv ua los ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel. Qhov chaw nruab nrab ntawm ob lub nkoj tau ntim nrog cov hmoov insulating (xws li perlite) thiab tso rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev nyob ze kom tshem tawm cov hluav taws xob thiab hluav taws xob hloov hluav taws xob.

Thaum thauj mus rau cov neeg siv kawg, LAR tau nqa hauv cov tsheb thauj khoom tshwj xeeb cryogenic tanker. Thaum tuaj txog ntawm lub chaw tsim khoom lossis tsev kho mob, nws raug xa mus rau hauv lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum-jacketed ntawm qhov chaw. Thaum cov neeg siv khoom xav tau gaseous argon rau lawv cov txheej txheem, cov kua tsuas yog dhau los ntawm huab cua ambient vaporizer - ib qho ntawm cov finned txhuas raj uas nqus cua sov los ntawm cov huab cua ib puag ncig, ua kom sov cov kua rov qab rau hauv cov pa roj.

6. Cov lus xaus

Kev hloov pauv ntawm qhov pom tsis pom, ambient huab cua mus rau hauv ib qho ultra-ntshiab, sub-zero kua yog ib qho zoo kawg nkaus ntawm niaj hnub tshuaj engineering thiab thermodynamics. Los ntawm cov theem nruj ntawm kev kub siab compression, molecular filtration, Joule-Thomson expansion, thiab rhiab heev fractional distillation, kev lag luam tuaj yeem sau cov argon uas npog peb lub ntiaj teb.

Kev to taub argon gas liquefaction yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau optimizing thoob ntiaj teb cov saw saw hlau. Raws li cov thev naus laus zis nce qib - tshwj xeeb hauv kev tsim khoom siv hluav taws xob, 3D hlau luam ntawv, thiab aerospace engineering - qhov kev cia siab ntawm cov ntshiab ntshiab, ua tau zoo thauj cov kua argon yuav tsuas loj hlob mus ntxiv, ua rau huab cua cryogenic sib cais yog ib qho tseem ceeb tshaj plaws, tseem tsis tau txais txiaj ntsig, kev lag luam hauv ntiaj teb niaj hnub no.

7. FAQs

Q1: Dab tsi kub argon ua kua?

Argon hloov los ntawm cov pa mus rau cov kua ntawm lub boiling point -185.8 ° C (-302.4 ° F) ntawm tus qauv atmospheric siab. Txhawm rau tuav nws hauv lub xeev ua kua rau kev khaws cia thiab thauj, nws yuav tsum tau khaws cia ntawm lossis qis dua qhov ntsuas kub ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev twj tso kua mis tshwj xeeb los tiv thaiv kom kub kub thiab nthuav dav.

Q2: Vim li cas argon thauj khoom ua kua ntau dua li roj?

Lub ntsiab yog vim li cas yog volume efficiency. Thaum argon txias rau hauv cov kua, nws condenses ntawm qhov ratio ntawm 1 mus rau 840. Qhov no txhais tau hais tias ib liter ntawm cov kua argon muaj qhov sib npaug ntawm 840 litres ntawm argon gas. Kev thauj mus los raws li cov kua tso cai rau cov neeg xa khoom xa cov khoom loj, ntau ntau hauv ib lub tsheb thauj khoom, uas yog tus nqi ntau dua thiab siv tau zoo dua li kev thauj khoom hnyav, lub tog raj kheej siab.

Q3: Puas yog tuav kua argon txaus ntshai?

Yog lawm, kua argon nthuav tawm cov teeb meem tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam feem ntau vim nws qhov txias txias thiab nws qhov xwm txheej zoo li asphyxiant. Kev sib cuag ntawm daim tawv nqaij nrog cov kua argon los yog cov kav dej tsis muaj qhov tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau frostbite hnyav lossis kub kub kub tam sim ntawd. Tsis tas li ntawd, vim nws nthuav dav sai thaum nws sov (840 npaug ntawm nws lub ntim), qhov me me ntawm cov kua argon nyob rau hauv qhov chaw kaw tau sai sai tshem tawm cov pa oxygen, ua rau muaj kev pheej hmoo siab ntawm asphyxiation rau cov neeg ua haujlwm nyob ze yam tsis muaj kev ceeb toom, vim tias cov roj tsis muaj xim thiab tsis muaj ntxhiab tsw. Kev ua pa kom raug thiab cov cuab yeej tiv thaiv tus kheej (PPE) yog qhov yuav tsum tau nruj me ntsis.