Argon, wani nau'i ne na ko'ina amma ba a iya gani, yana da kusan 0.93% na yanayin duniya. Yayin da shi ne na uku mafi yawan iskar gas da muke shaka, yin amfani da shi don aikace-aikacen masana'antu, likitanci, da kimiyya yana buƙatar injiniya mai rikitarwa. Daga garkuwar arcs a cikin walda mai zafin jiki zuwa kare ƙarancin silicon wafers yayin masana'antar semiconductor, buƙatar wannan iskar gas mai daraja tana da yawa. Duk da haka, jigilar da adana shi a cikin yanayin iskar gas ba shi da inganci sosai. Wannan ya haifar da ainihin tambayar masana'antu: yadda ake shayar da iskar argon don biyan bukatun duniya yadda ya kamata?

Amsar ta ta'allaka ne a cikin ingantaccen tsari wanda aka sani da rabuwar iska na cryogenic. Wannan cikakkiyar jagorar kalmomi 2,000 za ta zurfafa cikin ƙa'idodin thermodynamic, injiniyan injiniya, da matakan tsabtace sinadarai da ake buƙata don canza iskar yanayi zuwa tsarkakakku, argon ruwa na cryogenic (LAR).

1. Fahimtar Argon da Bukatar Liquefaction

Kafin nutsewa cikin injiniyoyi na liquefaction, yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar menene argon da kuma dalilin da yasa tsarin sarrafa ruwa ya kasance ta fuskar tattalin arziki da kuma zama dole.

Argon (Ar) iskar gas ce, mai ƙarancin sinadarai. Ba shi da launi, mara wari, kuma mara guba. Domin ba ya amsawa da wasu abubuwa ko da a matsanancin yanayin zafi, shine madaidaicin garkuwar yanayi don matakan ƙarfe.

Menene Liquefy Argon?

Babban dalilin shayar da kowane iskar gas shine rage girma. Lokacin da aka canza daga iskar gas a daidaitaccen matsa lamba na yanayi zuwa ruwa mai cryogenic, argon yana jurewa girman girman girman 1 zuwa 840. Wannan yana nufin cewa ana iya tara lita 840 na argon gaseous a cikin lita ɗaya. ruwa argon. Wannan raguwa mai ban mamaki a cikin girma yana ba da damar jigilar kayayyaki masu tsada mai tsada ta manyan motocin tanki na cryogenic da ingantacciyar ajiya a cikin tankunan da ba su da iska a wuraren masana'antu.

Abubuwan Jiki na Argon

Don sarrafa iskar gas zuwa ruwa, injiniyoyi dole ne su yi aiki tare da kayan aikin thermodynamic. A ƙasa akwai mahimman mahimman bayanai na zahiri waɗanda ke ba da ma'anar liquefaction.

2. Kimiyya na asali: Cryogenic Air Separation

Argon ba a kera ko hadawa ba; ana girbe shi kai tsaye daga iskar da ke kewaye da mu. Babban fasahar da ake amfani da ita don cimma wannan ita ce cryogenic juzu'i distillation.

Wannan tsari yana dogara ne da ƙa'idar sinadarai: abubuwa daban-daban suna canza yanayi (matsi ko tafasa) a yanayin zafi daban-daban. Ta hanyar sanyaya iska har sai ya zama ruwa, sannan kuma a hankali ya ɗaga zafinsa, injiniyoyi za su iya raba cakudawar iska zuwa tushen tushen sa—nitrogen, oxygen, da argon—yayin da suke tafasa ɗaya bayan ɗaya.

Kalubalen Rabewar Argon

Ware argon sanannen abu ne mai wahala saboda wurin tafasarsa. Dubi wuraren tafasa na manyan sassa uku na yanayi:

3. Mataki-mataki Tsari: Yadda Iska Ya Zama Liquid Argon

Tafiya daga iska na yanayi zuwa argon ruwa na cryogenic ya ƙunshi Sashin Rabuwar Jirgin Sama (ASU). Anan ga daki-daki, rugujewar mataki-mataki na tsari.

Mataki 1: Shan iska, Matsi, da Tacewa

Tsarin yana farawa tare da albarkatun ƙasa: iska na yanayi na yanayi.
Manya-manyan magoya bayan masana'antu suna jan iska ta cikin gidaje masu tacewa da yawa don cire barbashi, ƙura, da kwari. Da zarar an tace, iskar ta shiga wani kwampreso na centrifugal mai matakai da yawa. An matse iskar zuwa matsa lamba na kusan sanduna 5 zuwa 7 (70 zuwa 100 psi).

Matsa gas a zahiri yana haifar da zafi mai mahimmanci (zafin matsawa). Don sarrafa wannan, ana sanya intercoolers tsakanin matakan matsawa. Kwantar da iska a wannan matakin kuma yana haifar da wani kaso mai yawa na danshi na yanayi ( tururin ruwa) don yashe waje, wanda daga baya ya zube.

Mataki 2: Tsarkakewa ta hanyar Sieves na Kwayoyin Halitta

Kafin iskar ta sami yanayin zafi na cryogenic, duk ƙazantattun abubuwan da za su iya daskarewa da toshe bututun dole ne a cire su gaba ɗaya. Waɗannan ƙazanta da farko sun haɗa da:

• Ragowar Turin Ruwa (H2O)
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Gano Hydrocarbons

Iskar da aka matsa tana wucewa ta hanyar naúrar tsarkakewa ta farko (PPU) mai kunshe da gadaje na alumina da sieves kwayoyin zeolite. Wadannan sieves suna aiki azaman soso mai zaɓaɓɓen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, suna ɗaukar danshi da ƙwayoyin CO2. Idan wannan matakin ya gaza, CO2 da busassun ƙanƙara za su yi zurfi a cikin shuka, suna toshe masu musanya zafi mai laushi kuma suna buƙatar cikakken rufe shuka.

Mataki na 3: Matsanancin Sanyi da Faɗawa

Busasshiyar iska, da aka tsarkake, da matsewa yanzu ta shiga cikin “akwatin sanyi,” wani tsari mai cike da lullubi da ke tattare da masu musayar zafi na cryogenic da ginshiƙan distillation.

Tsarin sanyaya yana amfani da Joule-Thomson sakamako da kuma fadada inji. Iskar dumi mai shigowa ta ratsa ta babban na'urar musayar zafi, mai gudana a halin yanzu zuwa iskar gas mai tsananin sanyi (nitrogen da oxygen) suna dawowa daga ginshiƙan distillation. Wannan yana sauke yanayin iska mai shigowa da matuƙar girma.

Don cimma ainihin yanayin zafi na cryogenic (a ƙasa -170 ° C), wani ɓangare na iska mai matsa lamba yana tafiya ta hanyar turbo-expander. Yayin da iskar gas mai tsananin ƙarfi ke faɗaɗa cikin sauri ta hanyar injin turbin, yana yin aikin injina, wanda ke tilasta raguwar yawan zafin gas ɗin. A lokacin da iskar ke fita daga na'urar musayar zafi da faɗaɗawa, cakuda ce ta tururi mai tsananin sanyi da iska mai ruwa, shirye don rabuwa.

Mataki na 4: Rarraba juzu'i na Farko (HP da ginshiƙan LP)

Zuciyar tsarin liquefaction shine tsarin distillation na ginshiƙi biyu, wanda ya ƙunshi ginshiƙi mai ƙarfi (HP) wanda ke zaune a ƙarƙashin ginshiƙi mai ƙarancin ƙarfi (LP).

1. Rukunin Ƙimar Matsi: Ruwan da aka sanyaya/sanyayar iska yana shiga kasan ginshiƙin HP. Yayin da ruwa ya faɗo ƙasa kuma tururi ya tashi ta cikin raƙuman raƙuman raɗaɗi, rabuwa na farko yana faruwa. Nitrogen, tare da mafi ƙanƙanta wurin tafasa, yana tashi zuwa saman a matsayin iskar gas. Ruwa mai wadatar Oxygen (wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawan wuraren tafkunan argon) a ƙasa.
2. Rukunin Ƙarƙashin Matsi: Ruwan da ke da wadataccen iskar oxygen daga ƙasan ginshiƙin HP yana murƙushewa (fadada) cikin ginshiƙin LP da ke sama da shi. Saboda ƙananan matsa lamba, ƙarin rabuwa yana faruwa. Wuraren ruwa mai tsafta na iskar oxygen a ƙasan ginshiƙin LP, yayin da iskar nitrogen mai tsafta ke fita daga sama.

Mataki na 5: Rukunin Argon Side-Arm

Saboda wurin tafasar argon yana zaune tsakanin oxygen da nitrogen, yana mai da hankali a cikin ƙananan-tsakiyar ginshiƙin Ƙarƙashin Matsala. A mafi girman maida hankalinsa, cakuda iskar gas a cikin wannan takamaiman “ciki” na ginshiƙi yana da kusan 10% zuwa 12% argon, sauran shine iskar oxygen da ɗan ƙaramin abun ciki na nitrogen.

Don cire shi, injiniyoyi suna matsa cikin wannan takamaiman sashe kuma su zana cakuda zuwa wani keɓantaccen tsari mai maƙala da ake kira da Argon Side-Arm Column.
A cikin wannan ginshiƙi mai tsayi mai ban sha'awa (sau da yawa yana ƙunshe da trays na ka'idoji sama da 150), ƙwanƙwasa na biyu na faruwa. Saboda argon yana da ɗanɗano kaɗan (yana tafasa mai sauƙi) fiye da oxygen, tururin argon ya tashi zuwa saman ginshiƙi na gefe, yayin da iskar oxygen mai nauyi ya faɗi ƙasa kuma an mayar da shi zuwa babban ginshiƙin LP.

Abin da ke fitowa daga saman ginshiƙin hannun hannu ana kiransa "dannye argon." A wannan mataki, an sami nasarar shayar da shi amma kusan kashi 98% ne kawai. Har yanzu yana ƙunshe da kusan 2% oxygen da adadin nitrogen, wanda dole ne a cire shi don amfanin masana'antu.

4. Tsarkakewa: Haɓaka Crude zuwa Babban-Tsarki Liquid Argon

Don aikace-aikacen zamani, musamman a cikin masana'antar semiconductor da masana'antar sararin samaniya, argon dole ne ya zama “biyar nine” mai tsabta (99.999%). Danyen argon dole ne a sha tsaftataccen tsafta.

Tsarin "Deoxo" Catalytic

Don cire sauran kashi 2% na oxygen, ana tura danyen argon zuwa na'urar motsa jiki da aka sani da rukunin Deoxo. A ciki, ana shigar da iskar hydrogen mai tsafta sosai a cikin rafi.
Ƙarƙashin kasancewar palladium ko platinum catalyst, hydrogen yana amsawa tare da kwayoyin oxygen na rogue don samar da ruwa (2H).₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O). Wannan yanayin yana sakin ɗan ƙaramin zafi, yana mai da argon a ɗan lokaci zuwa iskar gas.

Bushewa na Karshe da Distillation

Daga nan sai a wuce iskar gas ta hanyar siffa ta biyu don cire sabbin kwayoyin ruwa da aka kafa. A ƙarshe, bushewa, argon gas ba tare da oxygen ba ana ciyar da shi a cikin ginshiƙi na ƙarshe na distillation - ginshiƙin argon mai tsabta.

Anan, an ƙara sanyaya argon har sai ya sake komawa cikin yanayin ruwa. Duk wani abin da ya rage na nitrogen, wanda ya kasance mai iskar gas a yanayin zafin ruwa na argon, yana fitowa daga saman ginshiƙi. Haɗin samfurin da aka samu a ƙasa yana da tsabta sosai, Liquid Argon (LAR) mai sanyi, shirye don rarraba kasuwanci.

5. Adana da sufuri na Liquid Argon

Da zarar an amsa tambayar ta yaya ake fitar da iskar argon, kalubale na gaba shine kiyaye shi a cikin wannan jihar. A -185.8 ° C, duk wani bayyanar da zafi na yanayi zai sa ruwa ya sake tafasawa cikin gas-wani al'amari da aka sani da Boil-Off Gas (BOG).

Don magance wannan, ana juyar da argon ruwa zuwa cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun, tankunan ajiya na cryogenic vacuum. Wadannan tankuna suna aiki daidai da filastar thermos. Sun ƙunshi wani jirgin ruwa na ciki da aka yi da bakin karfe (wanda ba ya raguwa a yanayin zafi na cryogenic) da kuma wani jirgin ruwa na waje da aka yi da karfen carbon. Wurin da ke tsakanin tasoshin guda biyu yana cike da foda mai rufewa (kamar perlite) kuma a jefa shi zuwa wani wuri mai kama da kusa don kawar da canja wuri mai zafi da zafi.

Lokacin jigilar kaya zuwa masu amfani na ƙarshe, ana ɗaukar LAR a cikin manyan motocin tanki na musamman. Bayan isa wurin masana'anta ko asibiti, ana tura shi cikin wani jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar hoto a tsaye a kan wurin. Lokacin da abokin ciniki ke buƙatar argon mai iskar gas don tafiyar da su, ruwan yana gudana ne kawai ta hanyar iskar iska mai iska - jerin filayen bututun alumini waɗanda ke ɗaukar zafi daga iskan da ke kewaye, cikin aminci da dumama ruwan zuwa cikin iskar gas mai ƙarfi.

6. Kammalawa

Canjin ganuwa, iskar yanayi zuwa ruwa mai tsafta, mara sifili abin al'ajabi ne na injiniyan sinadarai na zamani da ma'aunin zafi da sanyio. Ta hanyar tsauraran matakai na matsa lamba mai ƙarfi, tacewa kwayoyin halitta, haɓakar Joule-Thomson, da rarrabuwar juzu'i, masana'antu za su iya girbin argon da ya rufe duniyarmu da kyau yadda ya kamata.

Fahimta argon gas liquefaction yana da mahimmanci don inganta hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na duniya. Kamar yadda fasahar ke ci gaba-musamman a masana'antar lantarki, bugu na ƙarfe na 3D, da injiniyan sararin samaniya - dogaro da ruwa mai tsafta, ingantaccen jigilar ruwa zai ci gaba da haɓakawa kawai, yana sa rabuwar iska ta cryogenic ɗaya daga cikin mafi mahimmanci, duk da haka rashin godiya, hanyoyin masana'antu a cikin duniyar zamani.

7. FAQs

Q1: Menene zafin jiki argon ya zama ruwa?

Argon yana canzawa daga iskar gas zuwa ruwa a wurin tafasa -185.8°C (-302.4°F) a daidaitaccen yanayin yanayi. Don kiyaye shi a cikin yanayin ruwa don ajiya da jigilar kaya, dole ne a ajiye shi a ko ƙasa da wannan zafin jiki na cryogenic ta amfani da tasoshin da aka keɓe na musamman don hana saurin tafasawa da faɗaɗawa.

Q2: Me yasa ake jigilar argon a matsayin ruwa maimakon gas?

Dalili na farko shine ingancin girma. Lokacin da aka sanyaya argon a cikin ruwa, yakan taso a cikin rabo daga 1 zuwa 840. Wannan yana nufin cewa lita daya na argon ruwa yana dauke da daidai da lita 840 na argon gas. jigilar shi azaman ruwa yana bawa masu siyarwa damar isar da manya-manya, adadi mai yawa a cikin manyan motoci guda ɗaya, wanda ya fi tsada-tsari da amfani da dabaru fiye da ɗaukar nauyi, manyan silinda gas.

Q3: Shin sarrafa ruwa argon yana da haɗari?

Ee, ruwa argon yana gabatar da manyan haɗarin masana'antu da farko saboda tsananin sanyi da yanayin sa a matsayin mai asphyxiant. Haɗuwa da fata tare da argon ruwa ko bututun cryogenic wanda ba a rufe ba zai iya haifar da tsananin sanyi ko ƙonewar cryogenic nan take. Bugu da ƙari kuma, saboda yana faɗaɗa da sauri yayin da yake dumama (sau 840 ƙararrakinsa), ƙaramin ɗigon ruwa na argon a cikin wani wuri da ke kewaye zai iya saurin kawar da iskar oxygen, wanda ke haifar da babban haɗarin asphyxiation ga ma'aikatan da ke kusa ba tare da wani faɗakarwa ba, saboda iskar ba ta da launi kuma ba ta da wari. Ingantacciyar iska da kayan kariya na sirri (PPE) ana buƙata sosai.