Mubikorwa byihuta byiterambere byubwubatsi bwikirere, ibinyabuzima, tekinoloji yateye imbere, hamwe na comptabilite, kwishingikiriza ku bushyuhe buke cyane ntabwo byigeze bigaragara. Gusunika imipaka yubushobozi bwikoranabuhanga bwabantu bisaba ibikoresho nibidukikije bikora munsi yubukonje-akenshi bigera kuri zeru rwose. Intandaro yiyi sisitemu yo gucunga ubushyuhe bukabije ni imyuka ya gazi. Mugihe cyo gusuzuma Amazi ya Argon vs Amazi ya Azote, injeniyeri n'abahanga bashinzwe gufata icyemezo gikomeye kitagira ingaruka kumikorere yubushyuhe bwimishinga yabo gusa ahubwo binagira ingaruka kumiti, umutekano, hamwe ningengo yimikorere rusange.

Guhitamo uburyo bukonje bukwiye ntabwo ari ikibazo cyo kubona ibintu bikonje bihari. Nuburinganire bworoshye bwa thermodinamike, reaction ya chimique, fluid fluid, hamwe nubukungu bwurwego. Iyi mfashanyigisho yuzuye ikora nkibintu byimbitse mumitungo, ikoreshwa, hamwe nibyiza byingirakamaro muri titani ebyiri zinganda. Mugutandukanya ibiranga byihariye, iyi ngingo igamije gutanga urwego rukomeye rwo guhitamo ibyiza mubikorwa bikonje bikabije.

Shingiro ryibidukikije bikonje cyane

Kugira ngo dusobanukirwe neza hagati yubukonje butandukanye, tugomba mbere na mbere gushiraho ubumenyi bwibanze bwa cryogenics. Iri shami rya fiziki rivuga ku musaruro n'ingaruka z'ubushyuhe buke cyane, ubusanzwe bisobanurwa nk'ikintu cyose kiri munsi ya -153 ° C (-243 ° F cyangwa 120 K). Muri ibi bidukikije, imiterere yumubiri yibikoresho irahinduka cyane: imyuka ihinduka amazi cyangwa ibinini, kurwanya amashanyarazi mubyuma bimwe na bimwe birashira burundu (superconductivity), kandi kubora biologiya bigahagarara rwose.

Urufatiro rwumushinga uwo ariwo wose watsinze neza urimo neza Guhitamo Cryogenic. Gukora ikosa muriki cyiciro birashobora gutuma habaho gutsindwa kwibintu, kwanduza imiti, cyangwa sisitemu idakora neza yamennye imari shingiro. Mugihe helium na hydrogène bikoreshwa cyane mubushyuhe bwo hasi cyane (nko mumashini ya MRI cyangwa moteri ya roketi), igice kinini cyibikorwa byo gukonjesha inganda na siyanse bishingiye kuri azote cyangwa argon. Byombi byakuwe mu kirere cy'isi binyuze mu buryo bukoresha ingufu nyinshi bizwi nka distillation distillation, nyamara bikora ahantu hatandukanye cyane.

Umwirondoro wa Azote Yanduye (LN2)

Azote ni gaze nyinshi mu kirere cyacu, hafi 78% by'umwuka duhumeka. Iyo ikonje kugeza kuri -196 ° C (-320 ° F cyangwa 77 K) ku gipimo gisanzwe cy’ikirere, iba mu mazi meza, adafite ibara. Kubera ubwinshi bwayo, azote isukuye irahendutse cyane, bituma iba ikirangirire nk'amafarashi akoreshwa mu nganda.

Ibiranga umubiri na shimi

Azote ni molekile ya diatomique (N2), bivuze ko atome ebyiri za azote zihujwe hamwe nuburinganire bukomeye butatu. Mubihe bisanzwe, iyi nkunga ituma azote idakora cyane. Ntabwo izashyigikira gutwikwa, ntanubwo izakora byoroshye hamwe nibindi bintu mubushyuhe bwicyumba. Ubushyuhe bwihishwa bwo guhumeka - ingano yingufu ikuramo iyo ihindutse ikava mumazi igasubira muri gaze - ni nziza, itanga imbaraga zikonje kandi zihoraho.

Porogaramu Yibanze Yinganda

Bitewe nigiciro cyacyo nubushobozi buhebuje bwumuriro, azote yamazi ikoreshwa mubice byinshi byinganda:

1. Kubungabunga Ubuvuzi n’ibinyabuzima: Nuburyo busanzwe bwo kubika amarira, bikoreshwa mukubika igihe kitarambiranye amaraso, selile yimyororokere (intanga ngabo n'amagi), hamwe nibinyabuzima bidafite ingirabuzimafatizo.

2. Gutunganya ibiryo: Ibiribwa bikonjesha flash hamwe na LN2 bigabanya imiterere ya kirisita, bityo bikarinda imiterere ya selile, imiterere, nagaciro kintungamubiri zinyama, imbuto, nifunguro ryateguwe.

3. Ubukanishi: Gucisha bugufi ni tekinike isanzwe aho ibyuma (nkibikoresho cyangwa ibyuma) byashizwe muri LN2. Ubukonje bukabije butera icyuma kugabanuka, bikemerera kwinjizwa mu nteko ikomeye. Iyo ishyushye, iraguka kugirango ikore interineti idasanzwe.

4. Inganda za elegitoronike: Ikoreshwa muguhimba semiconductor kugirango habeho ibidukikije no gucunga imitwaro myinshi yubushyuhe butangwa mugihe cyo gupima ibidukikije bya microchips.

Imipaka ya Azote

Nubwo ihindagurika, azote ntabwo iba inert neza. Ku bushyuhe bwinshi cyane - nk'uboneka mu gusudira arc, gukata plasma, cyangwa metallurgie yihariye yo mu kirere - isano ya gatatu ya molekile ya N2 irashobora gucika. Iyo ibi bibaye, atome ya azote irashobora kwitwara hamwe nibyuma bishyushye (nka titanium, magnesium, cyangwa aluminium) kugirango bibe nitide. Iyi miti yimiti iganisha ku kintu kizwi ku izina rya “nitrogen embrittlement,” kibangamira cyane ubusugire bw’imiterere y’icyuma, bigatuma gisenyuka kandi gikunda kumeneka kubera imihangayiko.

Umwirondoro wa Argon Yuzuye (LAr)

Argon ni gaze nziza, igizwe na 0,93% yikirere cyisi. Ni gaze ya gatatu ya gaze yo mu kirere nyinshi, ariko ni gake cyane kuruta azote. Ihurira mumazi kuri -185.8 ° C (-302.4 ° F cyangwa 87.3 K). Mugihe aho itetse hashyushye gato ugereranije na azote, ibisobanuro byayo biranga biri mumiterere ya atome hamwe na chimique ihamye.

Ibiranga umubiri na shimi

Bitandukanye na molekile ya diatomic, Amazi argon ifite imiterere ya monatomic. Kuberako igikoresho cyacyo cya elegitoroniki cyuzuye cyuzuye, gifite ubushake buke bwo kugabana, gutanga, cyangwa gufata electron mubindi bintu byose. Ibi bituma argon inert neza. Ntabwo izitwara nibintu bizwi, hatitawe ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru bwiyongera cyangwa ningutu zikabije zikoreshwa. Byongeye kandi, gaze ya argon iba yuzuye cyane kuruta ikirere, bivuze ko mugihe amazi yatetse, gaze yavuyemo ikunda guhurira hamwe nuburiri, bitanga ingabo nziza yo gukingira.

Porogaramu Yibanze Yinganda

Kuberako bihenze kubyara kuruta azote, argon ya lisansi isanzwe igenewe porogaramu aho ubudahangarwa bwimiti budashoboka:

1. Welding na Metallurgie igezweho: Mu gukora ibikoresho byo mu kirere cyangwa gushiramo ubuvuzi aho titanium cyangwa ibyuma byo mu rwego rwo hejuru bidafite ibyuma, argon ni itegeko. Irinda ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe cyandujwe n’ikirere kidakoresheje ibyago byo kwanduza azote.

2. Gukora inyongera (Icapiro rya 3D): Icapiro ryicyuma cya 3D ririmo lazeri gushonga ifu yicyuma. Ibidukikije bikungahaye kuri argon birinda ifu ya okiside cyangwa kubyitwaramo mugihe cyo gushonga cyane guhindagurika, bigatuma ibice bitagira inenge.

3. Ubushakashatsi Bwinshi Bwinshi nubushakashatsi bwijimye: Liquefied argon ni scintillator idasanzwe (ibikoresho bimurika numucyo iyo bikubiswe ningufu zingufu nyinshi). Ikoreshwa cyane mumashanyarazi manini ya neutrino yo munsi yubushakashatsi hamwe nubushakashatsi bwibintu byijimye kwisi yose kuko ibonerana kumucyo ubwayo kandi yera cyane.

4. Semiconductor Crystal Gukurura: Gukura ultra-pure silicon kristal bisaba ibidukikije bitarimo ibintu bifatika. Argon itanga iyi kirere itagira inenge.

Isesengura ry'umutwe-ku-mutwe

Kugirango ushushanye amakuru ya tekiniki, imbonerahamwe ikurikira isenya amaherezo Amazi ya Argon vs Amazi ya Azote impaka hirya no hino mubipimo bikomeye byinganda.

Ibitekerezo byumutekano nibikorwa remezo

Utitaye kumazi wahisemo, uburyo bwo gufata, kubika, no kwimura bisaba protocole yumutekano ikomeye nibikorwa remezo byihariye.

Asphyxiation Hazard

Ntabwo amazi ari uburozi, ariko byombi ni asifike ikomeye. Iyo bahindutse bava mumazi bajya kuri gaze, bagura inshuro amagana ubwinshi bwumwimerere (nkuko bigaragara mumeza iri hejuru). Mucyumba gihumeka neza, isuka rito ryamazi azahita yimura ogisijeni ihumeka. Kubera ko gaze ya argon iremereye hafi 38% kuruta ikirere, itera akaga kadasanzwe ko guhurira ahantu hakeye, mu myobo, cyangwa munsi ya tank. Igenzura rya Oxygene ni itegeko rwose mu kigo icyo aricyo cyose gikoresha ibyo bintu.

Cryogenic Yaka hamwe nubukorikori bwibikoresho

Guhura n'amazi yombi bizatera ubukonje ako kanya kandi bikabije, byangiza neza inyama zabantu. Ibikoresho byuzuye byo kurinda umuntu (PPE) - harimo ingabo zidasanzwe zo mu maso, uturindantoki twa insuline zidashiramo, hamwe na feri ya kirogenike - bigomba kwambara. Byongeye kandi, ibyuma bisanzwe bya karubone hamwe na plastiki nyinshi ziba zoroshye nkikirahure kuri ubu bushyuhe. Imiyoboro yose, indangagaciro, hamwe nububiko bwububiko bigomba kuba byubatswe kuva ibyuma bya austenitis bitagira umuyonga, umuringa, cyangwa umuringa kugirango bihangane nubushyuhe bwumuriro.

Urwego Rufatika rwo Gufata Icyemezo

Mugihe uhuye nicyiciro cyanyuma cyo gutegura umushinga wawe, ugashyiraho umurongo ngenderwaho uhamye wawe Guhitamo Cryogenic bizigama igihe nigishoro. Koresha matrix ikurikira yo gufata ibyemezo:

Intambwe ya 1: Suzuma Ibisabwa Ubushyuhe
Niba inzira yawe isaba ubushyuhe bugera kuri zeru rwose (urugero: magnesi zidasanzwe), ntamazi ashobora kuba ahagije, kandi ushobora gukenera helium. Ariko, niba intego igenewe iri hagati ya -150 ° C na -190 ° C, byombi birashoboka.

Intambwe ya 2: Gisesengura ibyiyumvo byimiti
Uyu niwo mutandukanya ukomeye. Inzira yawe ikubiyemo gushyushya ibyuma (titanium, aluminium, magnesium) kugeza aho bishonga? Ese synthesis ya chimique yawe ikenera ibidukikije bifite ibice bya zeru kuri miriyoni ya molekile ikora? Niba ari yego, ugomba gukuramo igiciro kinini kandi ugakoresha argon. Niba inzira yawe irimo gukonjesha gusa ibinyabuzima, kugabanya ibyuma bisanzwe, cyangwa kugerageza ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, azote ifite umutekano kandi neza.

Intambwe ya 3: Ingengo yimari nisoko ryo gutanga
Amazi ya azote ahendutse kandi arashobora gutangwa kubwinshi hafi ya hose kwisi. Argon ihenze cyane, bitewe n’imihindagurikire y’ibicuruzwa bitangwa, kandi bisaba gutwara byinshi kubera uburemere bwayo. Gusa vuga argon mugihe chimie ibisabye.

Intambwe ya 4: Kubaka ibikoresho
Menya neza ko ikigo cyawe gishobora gukoresha gaze yihariye. Niba ukorera mubutaka bwimbitse cyangwa mu mwobo ufunzwe, guhumeka gaze ya argon isaba uburyo bwo kuvoma cyane kuruta azote, ivanga byoroshye n'umwuka usanzwe.

Umwanzuro

Imiterere yinganda igezweho yishingikiriza ku mbaraga zitagaragara, zikonjesha imyuka yanduye kugirango itere udushya. Mugihe azote ikomeje kuba umwami udashidikanywaho wo gukonjesha amafaranga menshi, gukonjesha imbaraga nyinshi, argon ifite intebe yihariye kandi ifite agaciro gakomeye mubice byubuziranenge bwimiti nubushuhe bukabije. Mugupima neza ubushakashatsi bwa termodinamike kurwanya reaction yimiti ningengo yimikorere ikora, abashakashatsi barashobora gukoresha imitungo nyayo ikenewe kugirango bateze imbere inganda zabo, ubushakashatsi, nubumenyi bwa siyanse neza mugihe kizaza.

Ibibazo

Q1: Nshobora gusimbuza neza undi murindi sisitemu yo gukonjesha iriho kugirango mbike ibiciro?
Igisubizo: Muri rusange, oya. Mugihe ibikorwa remezo byo gukonjesha (dewars, imiyoboro idafite ibyuma, imiyoboro ya vacuum-jackettes) irashobora guhangana nubushyuhe bwombi, ibisubizo byimiti yo kubisimbuza birashobora kuba bibi. Niba uhinduye kuri argon ukajya kuri azote muburyo bukabije bwubushyuhe bwa metallurgiki, ushobora guhura na azote ikabije no gutsindwa igice. Ibinyuranye, kuva muri azote ukajya muri argon kugirango ukonje byoroshye ni uguta cyane umutungo wamafaranga.

Q2: Irakora Amazi argon guhumeka vuba kurusha azote iyo isigaye mu kintu gifunguye?
Igisubizo: Mubyukuri, ikunda guhinduka gahoro gahoro mubihe bimwe bitewe nubushyuhe bwayo bwo hejuru (-185.8 ° C vs -196.0 ° C) hamwe nubucucike buri hejuru cyane. Ariko, ntanubwo bigomba gusigara mubikoresho bifunguye. Byombi bizateka cyane mubushyuhe bwicyumba, bitera kwaguka kwinshi, kwimura ogisijeni, no guteza akaga gakomeye mubyumba.

Q3: Haba hari ingaruka z’ibidukikije ugomba gusuzuma mugihe uhumeka iyo myuka mu kirere?
Igisubizo: Kubwamahirwe, byombi mubisanzwe bibaho, imyuka itari parike. Kubera ko zikurwa mu buryo butaziguye mu kirere kidukikije, kuzisubiza mu kirere ntabwo bigira uruhare mu bushyuhe bw’isi, kugabanuka kwa ozone, cyangwa kwanduza imiti. Ikirenge cyibanze cyibidukikije kijyanye na byombi bituruka ku mbaraga zamashanyarazi zisabwa kugirango ikore ikirere kinini cyo gutandukanya ikirere no guhunika mugihe cyo gutangira gukora.