Mu miterere igezweho yubuhanga bwamashanyarazi, inganda zateye imbere, nibikorwa remezo byisi, ibice bimwe byimiti bigira uruhare rutagaragara ariko ntangarugero. Niba warigeze kwibaza ku mbaraga zitagaragara zituma amashanyarazi manini ahamye cyangwa yoroshya gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigoye, ugomba kureba kuri gaze yihariye. Ikibazo nyamukuru tuzasesengura uyu munsi ni: inganda za sulfuru hexafluoride, kandi ni ukubera iki bimaze gushingirwaho cyane mu nganda nyinshi ku isi?

Iyi mfashanyigisho yuzuye izacengera cyane mumiterere yimiti, ikoreshwa ryibanze, amakimbirane y’ibidukikije, protocole y’umutekano, hamwe n’ubundi buryo buzaza kuri iki kigo gishishikaje kandi kigibwaho impaka cyane.

1. Intangiriro kumwirondoro wa shimi

Imbere yayo, inganda sulfuru hexafluoride (bikunze kuvugwa na formulaire yimiti, SF₆) ni organic organique, idafite ibara, impumuro nziza, idacanwa, na gaze ihamye cyane.

Yavumbuwe mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 20 n'abahanga mu by'imiti b'Abafaransa Henri Moissan na Paul Lebeau, ikomatanyirizwa hamwe no gushyiramo sulfure ivanze na gaze ya fluor. Ibisubizo bivura imiti bigaragazwa nka: S + 3F₂ → SF₆.

Igituma iyi molekile idasanzwe ni hypervalent octahedral geometrie. Atome esheshatu za fluor zizengurutse cyane atom yo hagati ya sulfuru. Kuberako fluor ari ikintu cya electronegatifike cyane kumeza yigihe, ikora "ingabo" yuzuye hafi ya sufuru. Iyi miterere ya molekile ihindura gaze inert idasanzwe - bivuze ko idakora byoroshye nibindi bintu mubihe bisanzwe.

Ibyingenzi Byumubiri na Shimi

• Ubucucike: Iremereye hafi inshuro eshanu kurenza umwuka. Iyo isutswe mu kintu gifunguye, ihagarara hepfo, ikuraho ogisijeni.
• Imbaraga za dielectric: Ifite imbaraga za dielectric hejuru yikubye inshuro 2,5 kurenza iy'umwuka usanzwe, bigatuma ikora amashanyarazi adasanzwe.
• Ubushyuhe bwumuriro: Iguma ihagaze neza ku bushyuhe bugera kuri 500 ° C (932 ° F) itabora.
• Amashanyarazi: Ifite ubushyuhe bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza, ni ingenzi cyane mu gukonjesha ibikoresho bikoresha ingufu nyinshi.

2. Ibikorwa Byibanze Byinganda

Mugihe byabanje kubonwa nkamatsiko ya laboratoire, imiterere yihariye yo kubika iyi gaze yahise ibona ibikorwa byubucuruzi. Uyu munsi, ikoreshwa ryarwo mu bice byinshi byingenzi.

A. Urwego rw'amashanyarazi no kohereza

Umubare munini-hafi 80% -umusaruro wisi ukoreshwa ninganda zamashanyarazi. Namaraso yubuzima bwa voltage yumuriro mwinshi, transformateur, hamwe na gaze ya gaze (GIS).

Iyo umuyagankuba mwinshi wacitse, ubyara arc amashanyarazi. Iyi arc ni nkumurabyo: ishyushye bidasanzwe (akenshi irenga 20.000 ° C) kandi irasenya cyane. Iyo ibi bibaye imbere muri chambre yuzuye ya SF6, gaze ikuramo electroni yubusa itera arc. Ibice bya molekile bigabanyijemo by'agateganyo fluoride yo hasi ariko byihuta byongera gusubira muburyo bwambere iyo arc imaze kuzimya. Uyu mutungo wo kwikiza utuma ntagereranywa mukuzimya amakosa yumuriro mumutekano kandi wizewe.

B. Gukoresha Ubuvuzi no Kubaga

Mu rwego rwubuvuzi, ikora intego zihariye. Mubuvuzi bw'amaso, cyane cyane mugihe cyo kubaga retinal detachment, abaganga batera akabuto gato ka gaze mumaso. Kubera ko gaze ishonga gahoro gahoro mumaraso, igituba gikomeza umuvuduko ukabije kuri retina, ikagifata umwanya muremure kugirango gikire neza.

Byongeye kandi, mikorobe ya gaze ikoreshwa nkibintu bitandukanye mugushushanya ultrasound. Iyo batewe mumaraso, izo mikorobe zigaragaza imivumba yijwi neza, itanga amashusho asobanutse neza yimitsi yamaraso hamwe nibyumba byumutima.

C. Gukora Semiconductor no Gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki

Mu bwiherero bwavukamo microchips na semiconductor, imyuka isukuye cyane irasabwa kugirango inzira ya microscopique igere kuri wafer ya silicon. Iyo ikorewe umurima wa plasma, gaze irasenyuka kugirango irekure ion fluor ikora cyane. Izi ion zifata imiti hamwe na silikoni, ikora imirongo yuzuye, ya nometero ya nanometero isabwa kuri mudasobwa zigezweho, telefone zigendanwa, hamwe na AI.

D. Gutera Metallurgie na Magnesium

Mu nganda z’ibyuma, magnesium yashongeshejwe irakora cyane kandi izahita ifata umuriro iyo ihuye na ogisijeni mu kirere kidasanzwe. Kugira ngo wirinde ibi, ikiringiti kirinda ikirere kirimo ijanisha rito rya gaze iremereye isukwa hejuru yicyuma gishongeshejwe. Ibi birinda okiside kandi ikanatanga uburyo bwiza bwo gutara ibice byimodoka nindege.

3. Isesengura ryagereranijwe ryo Gukingira Hagati

Kugirango wumve neza impamvu injeniyeri zidahwitse kuriyi nteruro yihariye, nibyiza kubigereranya nubundi buryo busanzwe bukoresha insuline zikoreshwa mumashanyarazi menshi.

Imbonerahamwe 1: Kugereranya amashanyarazi akoresha amashanyarazi mubikorwa byinganda.

Nkuko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe, mugihe tekinoroji ya vacuum ari nziza, biragoye gupima ibipimo bya voltage ndende. Umwuka usaba umwanya munini wumubiri kugirango wirinde guterana, bidashoboka mumijyi yuzuye. Ibi bituma gazi ya fluor ihitamo ibikorwa bifatika, nubwo bitagenda neza.

4. Ibidukikije

Nubwo ifite akamaro gakomeye, tugomba gukemura amakimbirane akomeye y’ibidukikije ajyanye no kuyakoresha.

Umwirondoro wa gazi ya parike

Ishyirwa mu bikorwa n’akanama gashinzwe guverinoma ku bijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (IPCC) nka gaze ya parike ikomeye cyane izwi ku bantu.

Kugirango tubishyire mubitekerezo, dupima ingaruka zibidukikije dukoresheje Global Warming Potential (GWP). Dioxyde de Carbone (CO₂) ifite GWP ya 1. Mugereranije, gaze ya sintetike ifite GWP neza 23,500. Ibi bivuze ko kurekura ikiro kimwe cyacyo mukirere bigira ingaruka nkubushyuhe nko kurekura toni 23.5 za metero za CO₂. Byongeye kandi, irashobora kwihanganira bidasanzwe; bimaze kurekurwa, bikomeza kugwa mu kirere cy'isi imyaka igera ku 3.200.

Amabwiriza mpuzamahanga

Kubera iki kibazo kibangamiye ibidukikije, cyibasiwe cyane na Protokole ya Kyoto. Uyu munsi, inzego zishinzwe kugenzura isi yose zirimo gukomera ku mikoreshereze yazo:

1. Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’i Burayi Amabwiriza ya gazi: Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi washyize mu bikorwa gahunda y’ibikorwa byo kugabanya icyiciro, ugamije guhagarika burundu ikoreshwa ry’ibikoresho bishya by’amashanyarazi bitarenze 2030, mu gihe hari ubundi buryo bushoboka buhari.
2. Amerika Amabwiriza ya EPA: Ikigo cyo muri Amerika gishinzwe kurengera ibidukikije gitegeka gutanga raporo y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere kinini kandi ishishikariza gahunda zo kugabanya ku bushake.
3. Ikigo gishinzwe umutungo w’ikirere cya Californiya (CARB): Californiya yashyizeho amabwiriza akomeye yo ku rwego rwa leta muri Amerika, itegeka ko icyiciro cya kabiri cy’ibikoresho bikoreshwa na gaze mu myaka icumi iri imbere.

5. Gukemura, Umutekano, no gucunga ubuzima

Urebye imbaraga z’ibidukikije n’ibiranga umubiri, gucunga ibi bintu bisaba protocole ikomeye.

Ingaruka za Asphyxiation

Kubera ko idafite impumuro nziza kandi iremereye kuruta ikirere, kumeneka ahantu hafunzwe, hadahumeka neza (nk'umuyoboro wa kabili wo munsi y'ubutaka cyangwa insimburangingo yo mu nzu) bishobora gutuma gaze ihagarara hasi. Bizimura bucece umwuka wa ogisijeni, byerekana ingaruka zikomeye zo guhumeka kubatekinisiye. Ibikoresho bigomba gukoresha ibyuma byihariye bya ogisijeni-depletion hamwe na sisitemu ikora neza.

Ibicuruzwa byangiza

Mugihe gaze isukuye idafite uburozi, ubushyuhe bukabije bwamashanyarazi arashobora gutera umwanda. Iyo ihuye nubushuhe nimbaraga nyinshi arcs, irashobora kwangirika mubicuruzwa byangiza cyane, nka thionyl fluoride (SOF₂) na disulfur decafluoride (S.₂F₁₀). Abatekinisiye bafungura ibyuma byumuzunguruko kugirango babungabunge bagomba kwambara ikositimu yihariye ya HazMat kandi bagakoresha icyuho cyinganda kugirango bakureho ifu mbi.

Gusubirana no Gusubiramo

Kugabanya ibyangiritse ku bidukikije, inganda zigezweho zikoresha imiyoborere yubuzima. Iyo transformateur ihagaritswe, gaze ntabwo ihumeka. Ahubwo, amakarito yihariye yo kugarura akoresha compressor kugirango akure gaze mubikoresho, ayinyujije muyungurura ya desiccant yungurura hamwe na aluminium oxyde. Gazi irasukurwa, iruma, kandi yongera gushyirwaho ingufu muri silinderi kugirango yongere gukoreshwa mubikoresho bishya, mubyukuri bigera ku buzima bwa zeru.

6. Kazoza: Gucukumbura Ibindi Bishoboka

Irushanwa ririmo gushaka umusimbura utanga ingufu zingana na dielectric nta ngaruka mbi z’ikirere. Uruganda rukora imiti rushora miriyari mubushakashatsi niterambere.

A. Fluoroketone na Fluoronitriles

Ibigo nka 3M byateje imbere ubundi buryo, nka Novec ™ 4710 gasi. Iyi mvange ya syntetique ikunze guhuza fluoronitrile kabuhariwe na gaze itwara nka CO nziza₂ cyangwa Oxygene. Batanga imbaraga za dielectric ugereranije nuburyo gakondo ariko birata GWP iri munsi ya 98%.

B. Umwuka mwiza na Dielectrics

Kumashanyarazi aringaniye, abayikora benshi bareka imyuka yubukorikori. Barimo basubira kuri "Umwuka Wera" (umuyaga usukuye, wumye) uhujwe na vacuum interrupters. Mugihe ibi bice binini cyane ugereranije na bagenzi babo babitswe na gaze, bivanaho burundu ibikenerwa gutanga raporo ya gaze ya parike hamwe nubuzima bwihariye bwo gutunganya ubuzima.

7. Umwanzuro

Kugira ngo dusubize ikibazo cyibanze cyatuyobora: sulfur hexafluoride yinganda nigitangaza cya chimie ya kijyambere yatumye icyarimwe kwaguka kwamashanyarazi agezweho kandi byangiza cyane ikirere cyisi. Ubushobozi bwayo budasanzwe bwo gukumira amashanyarazi menshi, kuzimya umuriro w'amashanyarazi, no koroshya gukora microchip bituma yinjira cyane mubikorwa remezo byikoranabuhanga.

Nyamara, uko isi igenda igana ingufu zirambye kandi zicyatsi, inganda zihura nimpinduka zikomeye. Intego nyamukuru mumyaka mirongo iri imbere ntabwo ari ugucunga iyi miti ikomeye gusa, ahubwo ni uguhanga udushya, tukemeza ko ibikorwa remezo byacu bikomeza kwizerwa bitabangamiye ejo hazaza h’ikirere cy’isi.

Ibibazo

Q1: Ese sulfur hexafluoride yinganda zifite ubumara kubantu iyo bahumeka?

Muburyo bwera, budakoreshwa, ntabwo rwose ari uburozi na biologiya inert. Ariko, kubera ko iremereye cyane kuruta umwuka, itera ibyago bikomeye byo guhumeka mu kwimura ogisijeni ahantu hafunzwe. Byongeye kandi, niba gaze yarakoreshejwe mubikoresho bikoresha ingufu nyinshi kandi bigakorerwa amashanyarazi, bigabanyamo ibicuruzwa byangiza cyane kandi byangirika bishobora kwangiza imyuka y'ubuhumekero iyo bihumeka.

Q2: Kuki tudashobora guhita dusimbuza gaze yose ya SF6 mumashanyarazi hamwe nubundi buryo bwiza?

Gusimburwa ako kanya biragoye bidasanzwe kubwimpamvu ebyiri zingenzi. Ubwa mbere, ibikorwa remezo biriho ku isi - bigizwe na miriyoni za transformateur na switchgears - byakozwe muburyo bwihariye bwumuriro nubuso bwihariye bwa gaze. Icya kabiri, kuvugurura sisitemu ntibishoboka kumubiri no mubukungu ntibishoboka mugihe gito. Inzibacyuho isaba gusimbuza ibikoresho bishaje nyuma yubuzima bwacyo busanzwe hamwe nibikoresho bishya byashizweho, nibindi-bihuza ibyuma.

Q3: Bigenda bite kuri gaze mugihe igice cyibikoresho byamashanyarazi bigeze kumpera yubuzima bwacyo?

Mu mategeko mpuzamahanga n’inganda ibikorwa byiza, birabujijwe rwose kwinjiza gaze mu kirere. Abatekinisiye batojwe byumwihariko bakoresha ibikoresho byo kugarura vacuum kugirango babikure mubikoresho bishaje. Gazi yakuweho noneho iyungurura imiti kugirango ikureho ubuhehere, uburozi bwa arcing byproducts, hamwe nuduce twangiritse. Iyo imaze kwezwa, irongera gukoreshwa mubikoresho bishya cyangwa ikoherezwa mu kigo cyihariye cyo gusenya imiti aho gitwikwa n'ubushyuhe bukabije.