Ukuqonda Ubume beNqanaba

Ngaphambi kokuba ujonge kwiiprothokholi ezithile Ukuphatha i-Liquid Argon, kubalulekile ukuqonda iimpawu zayo zomzimba kunye neengozi zendalo ezizibonisayo. IArgon (Argon) yirhasi engenambala, ayinavumba, ayinancasa, kwaye ayinabungozi. Yenza malunga ne-0.93% yomoya ojikeleze umhlaba. Ukuyithutha nokuyigcina ngokufanelekileyo, ipholiswe kubushushu be-cryogenic-ngokukodwa, ngaphantsi kwe -185.8 ° C (-302.4 ° F) -ukuguqula ibe yimeko yolwelo.

Oku kuncipha kukhwankqisayo kobushushu kunye nomlinganiselo wokwandiswa okulandelayo xa usiba ngumphunga yeyona mithombo iphambili yengozi enokubakho.

Ingozi Yokwandiswa

Umthamo omnye wolwelo uyanda ukuya kutsho malunga nemithamo engama-840 yegesi kubushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo. Ukuba olu lwandiso lwenzeka kwindawo evaliweyo ngaphandle kokungena komoya okwaneleyo, ikhupha ngokukhawuleza ioksijini, ekhokelela kumngcipheko omkhulu wokuphefumula. Ngenxa yokuba irhasi ayinavumba kwaye ingenambala, abasebenzi banokungaqondi ukuba amanqanaba e-oksijini ayaphela de abe nesiyezi, angabikho zingqondweni, okanye abe mandundu.

Iingozi zeCryogenic

Ukubanda okugqithisileyo kwemeko yolwelo kubangela umngcipheko omkhulu kwizicubu zomntu. Ukudibana ngokuthe ngqo nolwelo okanye imibhobho engafakwanga kunye neevalvu kunokubangela iqabaka eqatha, edla ngokuchazwa njengokutsha kwe-cryogenic. Umonakalo wezicubu ukhawuleza kwaye unzulu, ufuna unyango olukhethekileyo.

Imbrittlement Material

Ayizizo zonke izixhobo ezinokumelana nobushushu be-cryogenic. Iintsimbi eziqhelekileyo njengentsimbi yekhabhoni kunye neeplastiki ezininzi ziba brittle kwaye zinokuqhekeka xa zibekwe kwingqele egqithisileyo. Ukusebenzisa imathiriyeli efanelekileyo kwiziseko zophuhliso kubaluleke kakhulu.

Iindlela ezigqwesileyo zokuPhatha i-Cryogenic Fluid

Ukuphatha i-Liquid Argon ifuna ngokukhuselekileyo indibaniselwano yoqeqesho olungqongqo, izixhobo ezifanelekileyo zokuzikhusela (PPE), kunye nokubambelela ngokungqongqo kwiiprothokholi ezisekiweyo.

IsiXhobo esisiSinyanzelo soKhuseleko loMntu (PPE)

Abasebenzi abasebenza kunye okanye kufuphi neenkqubo ze-cryogenic kufuneka baxhotyiswe ngePPE ekhethekileyo eyilelwe ukukhusela kwingqele egqithisileyo. Isinxibo esisemgangathweni seshishini asanelanga.

• Iiglavu zeCryogenic: Ezi kufuneka zilingane kakuhle ukuze zisuswe ngokukhawuleza ukuba kukho ukuchitheka. Zifanele zifakwe kwi-insulated kwaye zenzelwe ngokukodwa ukusetyenziswa kwe-cryogenic.

• Ukhuseleko lwamehlo noBuso: Isikhuselo sobuso esigcweleyo phezu kweeglasi zokhuseleko ezinezikhuselo ezisecaleni sinyanzelekile. Ukutshiza kunokubangela umonakalo okhawulezileyo emehlweni.

• Isinxibo esiKhuselayo: Iihempe ezinemikhono emide, iibhulukhwe ezinde ezingenazo iicuffs (ukuthintela ulwelo ekudibaneni), kunye nefaskoti eyenziwe ngezinto ezingezizo ezifunekayo.

• Izihlangu: Iibhutsi zesikhumba ezomeleleyo okanye izihlangu ezikhethekileyo zokhuseleko kufuneka zinxitywe, kwaye imilenze yebhulukhwe kufuneka ihlale igquma umphandle weebhutsi ukuphambukisa ukuchitheka.

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IiNkqubo zokuTshintshela kunye neZixhobo

Inkqubo yokuhambisa ulwelo ukusuka kwizithuthi zokuhambisa ukuya kwiitanki zokugcina, okanye ukusuka kwiitanki ukuya kwiindawo zokufaka izicelo, sisigaba esibalulekileyo apho iingozi zinokwenzeka kakhulu.

• UPhononongo lokuDlulisa kwangaphambili: Phambi kokuba kuqale naluphi na ugqithiselo, zonke iziqhagamshelo, iivalve, kunye nemibhobho kufuneka zihlolwe ukuba azigugi, zimoshakele okanye azifuma. Kwanomlinganiselo omncinci wokufuma unokukhenkceka ngoko nangoko, uvale iivalvu kwaye ubangele ukwakhiwa koxinzelelo.

• Imigca yokucoca: Imigca yokudlulisa kufuneka ihlanjululwe nge-nitrogen eyomileyo okanye i-argon ye-gaseous ukususa umswakama kunye nomoya ngaphambi kokuba kufakwe ulwelo lwe-cryogenic.

• Intshayelelo ecothayo: Ukuhamba kufuneka kuqaliswe kancinane ukuvumela imigca yokudlulisela ukuba iphole kancinci kancinci. Ukupholisa ngokukhawuleza kunokubangela ukothuka kwe-thermal kunye nokusilela kwezinto.

• Ukongamela rhoqo: Umsebenzisi oqeqeshiweyo kufuneka ebeke esweni inkqubo yodluliselo ngokuqhubekayo. Iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo zibalulekile, kodwa ukongamela komntu kubalulekile ukuphendula kwizinto ezingaqhelekanga.

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Ukungenisa umoya kunye nokuBeka iliso

Xa kujongwe umlinganiselo obalulekileyo wokwandisa, ukungena komoya okwaneleyo ngoyena khuselo lubalulekileyo ngokuchasene nokuphefumla.

• UkuJonga i-Ambient Air: Izinzwa zokuncipha kweoksijini kufuneka zifakwe kuyo nayiphi na indawo apho ulwelo lugcinwe okanye lusetyenziswe khona. Ezi zinzwa kufuneka zibangele zombini ii-alamu ezibonakalayo kunye nezivakalayo ukuba amanqanaba e-oxygen awela ngaphantsi kwe-19.5%.

• Ukungenisa umoya ngenkani: Kwiindawo ezivaliweyo, iinkqubo zokungenisa umoya zomatshini ezikwaziyo ukubuyisela ngokukhawuleza umthamo womoya ziyimfuneko. Ezi nkqubo kufuneka zisebenze ngokuzenzekelayo ngokubambisana ne-oxygen alarms.

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Imigaqo yoGcino lwe-Liquid Argon

Ingqibelelo ye Iinkqubo ze-Liquid Argon Storage ibalulekile kukhuseleko kunye nokugcina amanqanaba aphezulu okucoceka afunwa zizicelo ezininzi zemizi-mveliso. Isiseko sogcino kufuneka senziwe injineli yokujongana nengqele egqithisileyo, ukunciphisa ukubila, nokulawula ngokukhuselekileyo uxinzelelo.

Uyilo lweTanki yeCryogenic

Iitanki zokugcina kwimizi-mveliso ye-cryogenic liquids zizinto ezintsonkothileyo zobunjineli. Ziiflasks ezinkulu zevacuum eziyilelwe ukunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu.

• Ulwakhiwo oluneeNdonga ezimbini: Amatanki aquka isitya sangaphakathi (esiqhelekileyo sakhiwe ngensimbi engenasici okanye i-aluminium alloy ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa kwe-cryogenic) kunye nenqanawa yangaphandle (ngokuqhelekileyo i-carbon steel).

• Ukufakwa kweVacuum: Isithuba se-annular phakathi kweenqanawa zangaphakathi nangaphandle zizaliswe nge-insulating material (njenge-perlite) kwaye ikhutshwe kwi-vacuum ephezulu. Olu luyilo lunciphisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu obuguqukayo kunye nobushushu.

• Ulwakhiwo lweNkxaso: Umkhumbi wangaphakathi kufuneka uxhaswe zizakhiwo ezinciphisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu ukusuka kwindawo yangaphandle.

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Ulawulo loxinzelelo kunye neeNkqubo zoNcedo

Nokuba ngeyona nto ingcono yokugquma, ubushushu obuthile buya kudluliselwa kwitanki, nto leyo ebangela ukuba inxalenye yolwelo ibilise ibe yirhasi. Le nkqubo yendalo yongeza uxinzelelo ngaphakathi kwetanki.

• Iivalvu zoNcedo loxinzelelo (PRVs): Amatanki kufuneka axhotyiswe ngeePRV eziziiprayimari nezesekondari. Ezi zivalo zisetelwe ukuba zivuleke ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi ludlula i-tank's Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP).

• Iidiski zokuQhutywa: Njengokungaphumeleli, i-disc rupture isoloko ifakwe ngokuhambelana nee-PRVs. Ukuba ii-PRVs zihluleka kwaye uxinzelelo luqhubeka lukhuphuka, i-disc iya kuqhuma, ikhuphe ngokukhuselekileyo igesi kwaye ikhusele ukuhluleka kwetanki yentlekele.

• Indlela Yokuhamba: Ukukhutshwa kwii-PRV kunye neediski zokuqhawula kufuneka kufakwe umbhobho kwindawo ekhuselekileyo, ephuma kakuhle ngaphandle kokukhusela i-oksijeni yendawo.

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Ukugcina Ubunyulu Ngexesha Lokugcinwa

Kwizicelo ezifana nokuveliswa kwe-semiconductor okanye i-spectrometry yohlalutyo, ukucoceka kwegesi kubaluleke kakhulu njengoko kufumaneka. Ungcoliseko lungonakalisa iibhetshi kwaye konakalise izixhobo ezibuthathaka.

• Iinkqubo ezinikezelweyo: ULiquid Argon Storage Iinkqubo kufuneka zinikezelwe kwirhasi yodwa ukunqanda ungcoliseko olunqamlezayo.

• Uhluzo: Izihluzi ze-in-line particulate kunye nezicoci kufuneka zifakwe kwimigca yokurhoxisa ukuqinisekisa ukuba igesi efikelela kwindawo yesicelo idibana neenkcukacha ezifunekayo.

• Ukulungiswa rhoqo: Ukuhlolwa okuqhelekileyo kunye nokugcinwa kwe-vacuum insulation kunye neenkqubo zemibhobho kuthintela ukuvuza okunokuthi kutsalwe kumoya kunye nokufuma okuqhelekileyo, kubeke esichengeni ukucoceka.

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Uyilo lweZiko kunye neZiseko zoPhuhliso

Ukudibanisa inkqubo ye-cryogenic kwiziko loshishino kufuna ukucwangciswa ngononophelo kunye neziseko ezikhethekileyo.

Itheyibhile: Izinto ezicetyiswayo zeNkonzo yeCryogenic

Imibhobho kunye noKhetho lweValve

• Imibhobho yeBhatyi eVacuum (VJP): Ukuze usebenze ngokugqibeleleyo kunye nokubilisa okuncinci ngexesha lokuthuthwa ngaphakathi kwendawo, i-VJP iyacetyiswa. Njengamatanki okugcina, le mibhobho inodonga lwangaphakathi nangaphandle kunye nesithuba sevacuum phakathi kwayo.

• Iivalvu zeCryogenic: Iivalvu ezisemgangathweni ziya kusilela kwi -185°C. Iivalvu kufuneka zibe neebhonethi ezongeziweyo. Ibhonethi eyandisiweyo igcina ivalve ipakisha (itywina ejikeleze isikhondo) kude nengqele egqithileyo, ikhusela itywina ekukhenkceni kwaye lisilele.

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Indawo ekuyo indawo kunye noFikelelo

• Ukhetho lwangaphandle: Nanini na xa kunokwenzeka, iitanki zokugcina isambuku kufuneka zibekwe ngaphandle ukuze ngokwemvelo unciphise umngcipheko wokufuduka kweoksijini kwimeko yokuvuza okanye ukukhupha umoya.

• Ukhuseleko: Indawo yokugcina kufuneka ikhuselwe ekungeneni okungagunyaziswanga.

• Iibhodi kunye noKhuseleko: Amatanki kunye nemibhobho eveziweyo kufuneka ikhuselwe kwimpembelelo yemoto ngeebholadi ezomeleleyo okanye imiqobo yokuntlitheka.

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IiProthokholi zokuPhendula ngokuNgxamisekileyo

Ngaphandle kokubambelela ngokungqongqo kwiinkqubo ezingcono, iimeko ezingxamisekileyo zingenzeka. Isicwangciso esichazwe kakuhle nesiqheliselwe ngokungxamisekileyo sibalulekile.

Ukujongana nokuchitheka nokuvuza

1. Phuma: Eyona nto iphambili engxamisekileyo kukukhutshwa kwabasebenzi kwindawo echaphazelekayo, ingakumbi iindawo ezisezantsi apho igesi ebandayo exineneyo inokuqokelelana khona.

2. NONE Ukuba oko kunokwenziwa ngokukhuselekileyo ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni sesichengeni, wuvale umthombo wokuvuza usebenzisa iivalvu zokubeka bucala ngexesha likaxakeka.

3. I-Ventilate: Yenza kusebenze umoya wokungenisa umoya ophezulu. Musa ukuzama ukucoca ukuchitheka; ulwelo luya kuba ngumphunga ngokukhawuleza.

4. Ulawulo Lwenkungu: Ukuvuza okukhulu kuya kudala inkungu eshinyeneyo yokufuma okuvela emoyeni. Le nkungu inciphisa ukubonakala iye kwiqanda kwaye ibonisa indawo ebanda kakhulu kunye nokusilela kweoksijini okunokwenzeka. Kuphephe ukungena kwinkungu.

Uncedo lokuqala lweCryogenic Exposure

• UQhagamshelwano loLusu: Musa ukuxubha indawo echaphazelekayo. Gubha ngamanzi amaninzi adikidiki (angashushu). Funa unyango olukhawulezileyo. Musa ukuzama ukususa impahla ekhenkcezisiweyo eluswini; gubha ngamanzi kuqala.

• Ukuqhagamshelwa kwamehlo: Gubha amehlo ngamanzi adikidiki kangangemizuzu eli-15 ubuncinci kwaye ufune unyango olungxamisekileyo olukhawulezileyo.

• I-Asphyxiation: Ukuba umntu woyiswe kukuphelelwa yioksijini, mfudusele kumoya omtsha ngoko nangoko. Lawula i-CPR ukuba abaphefumli kwaye bafune uncedo lwezonyango olungxamisekileyo. Abahlanguli kufuneka basebenzise i-Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) ngaphambi kokungena kwi-oxygen-deficially atmosphere.

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Ukuthotyelwa koMgaqo noQeqesho

Ukuhamba kumhlaba wolawulo kubalulekile ekusebenzeni ngokusemthethweni kunye nolawulo lwetyala.

• Imigangatho ye-OSHA kunye ne-CGA: EUnited States, ukuthotyelwa kwemimiselo yoKhuseleko lwezeMisebenzi kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo (OSHA) kunye nezikhokelo ezipapashwe yi-Compressed Gas Association (CGA)-ezifana ne-CGA P-1 (UkuPhathwa ngokuKhuselekileyo kweegesi ezixinzelelekileyo kwiMigqomo) kunye ne-CGA P-12 (UkuPhathwa ngokuKhuselekileyo kwe-Cryogenic Liquids) -kunyanzelekile. Izigqeba zolawulo ezifanayo zikhona kwihlabathi jikelele.

• Uqeqesho oluqhubekayo: Ukhuseleko ayisosiganeko sexesha elinye. Bonke abasebenzi ababandakanyekayo ekusebenzeni, ekulondolozweni, okanye ekubekeni iliso kwiinkqubo ze-cryogenic kufuneka baqhube rhoqo, uqeqesho olubhaliweyo. Olu qeqesho kufuneka lubandakanye ukuqondwa kwengozi, ukusetyenziswa kwePPE, iinkqubo zokusebenza ezisemgangathweni, kunye nokusabela kwimeko kaxakeka.

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Ukuqukumbela

Ukusetyenziswa kwerhasi ye-cryogenic kusisiseko kwiinkqubo zoshishino zanamhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, izibonelelo zayo zinokuqondwa ngokupheleleyo xa imingcipheko ekhoyo ilawulwa ngokubonakalayo. Ngokuqonda iipropati ezibonakalayo, ukuphumeza iziseko ezingundoqo ezomeleleyo, ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezichanekileyo, kunye nokukhuthaza inkcubeko yoqeqesho olungqongqo lokhuseleko, izibonelelo zemizi-mveliso zinokuqinisekisa ukusulungeka kokunikezelwa kwazo kunye nokhuseleko olupheleleyo lwabasebenzi babo. Ezona zenzo zibalaseleyo zichazwe apha zisebenza njengesikhokelo solawulo olunoxanduva, oluqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi ihlala isebenza kakuhle, ithobela kwaye ikhuselekile.

Ii-FAQs

I-Q1: Kutheni uhlobo oluthile lwevalve ene "bhonethi eyandisiweyo" eyimfuneko kwezi nkqubo ze-cryogenic?

A: Iivalvu eziqhelekileyo ziyasilela kumaqondo obushushu e-cryogenic ngenxa yokuba ingqele ibangela ukuba izixhobo zokutywina zangaphakathi (ukupakishwa) zicuthe, zibe brittle, kwaye ekugqibeleni zivuze okanye ziqhekeke. Ivalve yebhonethi eyandisiweyo ihambisa idlala lokupakisha kude kulwelo olukhalayo oluqukuqela kumzimba wevalvu. Lo mgama uvumela umoya we-ambient ukuba ugcine ukupakisha kushushu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uhlale ubhetyebhetye kwaye ugcine itywina eliqinileyo, ukuthintela ukuvuza okuyingozi.

I-Q2: Ukuba i-alarm yokunciphisa i-oksijini ivakala kwindawo yokugcina, yintoni isenzo esifunekayo ngokukhawuleza?

IMPENDULO: Inyathelo lokuqala kukukhutshwa ngoko nangoko kulo mmandla ngabo bonke abasebenzi. Musa ukuzama ukuphanda umthombo we-alam ngaphandle kwesixhobo esikhethekileyo sokuphefumla. Emva kokuba indawo isusiwe, kuphela abaphenduli bexesha likaxakeka abaqeqeshiweyo abaxhotyiswe nge-Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) kufuneka bangene kwindawo ukuze bachonge kwaye banciphise ukuvuza, ngelixa ukwandisa umoya wokungenisa umoya ukuze usasaze umoya osusiweyo.

I-Q3: Ngaba i-vacuum-jacketed piping (VJP) yahluke njani kwi-standard ye-piping insulation, kwaye kutheni ikhethwa?

A: Ukugqunywa okusemgangathweni, okufana negwebu okanye i-fiberglass, kuxhomekeke ekubambeni umoya okanye igesi ukucothisa ukuhanjiswa kobushushu. Kubushushu obugqithisileyo be-cryogenic, ukufuma kwe-ambient kunokujiya kwaye kube ngumkhenkce ngaphakathi kokugquma okusemgangathweni, kutshabalalisa ukusebenza kwayo. I-VJP isebenzisa ulwakhiwo oluphindwe kabini kunye ne-vacuum ephezulu phakathi kombhobho wangaphakathi kunye nejacket yangaphandle. Ngenxa yokuba i-vacuum iqulethe phantse iimolekyuli zokuqhuba ubushushu, isebenza kakuhle kakhulu ekuthinteleni ukubila kunye nokugcina imeko yolwelo ngexesha lokudluliselwa kwindawo yoshishino.