Shift kupita ku Cryogenic State: Ubwino Wopereka Zamadzimadzi

Ngakhale kuti mpweya wa argon ndi wothandizira wotetezera, njira yoperekera ndi kusungirako imakhala yofunika kwambiri pakuchita bwino kwa mafakitale ndi kuwongolera chiyero. Pazinthu zambiri zokhala ndi voliyumu yayikulu kapena zoyera kwambiri, kupereka argon mu masilinda a gaseous sikungatheke. Izi zimatifikitsa ku tanthauzo la madzimadzi.

Kuchita bwino posungira ndi kunyamula

Mipweya imatenga malo ambiri. Kuwapondereza kukhala masilinda ndi machitidwe okhazikika, koma ngakhale pazovuta kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa gasi komwe kumakhalako kumakhala kochepa. Kukula kwa chiŵerengero cha argon kuchokera kumadzi kupita ku gasi ndi 1 mpaka 840.

Izi zikutanthauza kuti voliyumu imodzi yamadzimadzi imakula mpaka ma voliyumu 840 a gasi pa kutentha ndi kupanikizika.

Mwa kusunga ndi kunyamula element mu cryogenic liquid state pa kutentha pansi -185.8 ° C (-302.4 ° F), kuchuluka kwakukulu kumatha kuyendetsedwa bwino. Tanki imodzi yamadzimadzi yamadzi ambiri imatha kulowa m'malo mwa masilinda a gasi othamanga kwambiri, kuchepetsa kwambiri zovuta zogwirira ntchito, ma frequency operekera, komanso ntchito yokhudzana ndi kunyamula ma silinda.

Zofunikira za Purity

Ubwino wofunikira kwambiri wogwiritsa ntchito makina operekera madzi pazifukwa zovutirapo ndikuwonjezera chiyero.

Popanga mpweya woyeretsedwa kwambiri, gwero lamadzimadzi limagwira ntchito ngati zoyeretsa zachilengedwe. Njira ya distillation yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polekanitsa mpweya kukhala gawo lake la mpweya imatulutsa zinthu zamadzimadzi zoyera kwambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, kutulutsa kosalekeza kuchokera mu thanki yamadzimadzi kudzera mu vaporizer kumalepheretsa kuipitsidwa komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kusinthana kwa masilinda a gasi, monga kubweretsa chinyezi chamumlengalenga kapena dothi polumikizana ndi kutha.

Kwa mafakitale amafuna High-Purity Welding, Argon wokhazikika wamakampani nthawi zambiri amakhala osakwanira. Mapulogalamuwa amafunikira "Ultra-High Purity" (UHP) argon, omwe amadzitamandira chiyero cha 99.999% (nthawi zambiri amatchedwa "masanu asanu ndi anayi") kapena apamwamba. Zonyansa (oxygen, chinyezi, ma hydrocarbons onse) ziyenera kusungidwa ku magawo miliyoni (ppm) kapena magawo pa biliyoni (ppb). Kusunga ukhondo uwu kuyambira pamalo opangira zinthu kupita ku nyali yowotcherera ndikosavuta komanso kodalirika mukamagwiritsa ntchito madzi a cryogenic.

Zofunikira Zofunikira: Kumene Kuyera Sikukambitsirana

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chishango choyera kwambiri, cha vaporized sichiri konsekonse; ndi chofunikira mwapadera m'magawo omwe kuwotcherera kulephera kumakhala kowopsa, mwina pankhani yachitetezo, kutayika kwachuma, kapena kuipitsidwa kwazinthu.

1. Zamlengalenga ndi Ndege

Bizinesi yazamlengalenga imagwira ntchito pamphepete mwazitali za sayansi yazinthu. Ndege ndi zakuthambo zimagwiritsa ntchito ma aloyi achilendo - monga titaniyamu, Inconel, ndi magiredi apadera a aluminiyamu - kuti achulukitse chiŵerengero cha mphamvu ndi kulemera kwake ndikupirira malo ogwirira ntchito kwambiri.

Titaniyamu, makamaka, ndi yodziwika bwino yochitapo kanthu. Ngakhale kuipitsidwa pang'ono kwa okosijeni kapena nayitrogeni panthawi yowotcherera kumapangitsa kuti thupi likhale lolimba, lomwe nthawi zambiri limadziwika ndi mtundu wa bluish kapena wachikasu (wotchedwa "alpha case"). Kuti weld bwinobwino zigawo zikuluzikulu za titaniyamu, monga injini utsi makina kapena structural mafelemu, mtheradi vacuum kapena koyera argon purge n'kofunika.

2. Kupanga Semiconductor

Kupanga ma microchips kumafuna kuti malo azikhala aukhondo kuposa chipinda chachipatala. Makina opangira mapaipi omwe amapereka mpweya woyeretsa kwambiri pazida zopangira ayenera kukhala opanda cholakwika. Kupanda ungwiro kulikonse kwamkati, monga kampata kakang'ono kakang'ono kapena kagawo kakang'ono ka okosijeni (rouge), kumatha kukhala ndi zowononga kapena kukhetsa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tomwe titha kuwononga ma circuitry omwe apangidwa.

Pamakampani awa, kuwotcherera kwa orbital kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Njira yokhayo yodzipangirayi imadalira kwambiri UHP argon kuti ichotse kunja ndi mkati mwa machubu omwe akuphatikizidwa, kuonetsetsa kuti mkati mwake mukhale osalala bwino, osasunthika omwe sangasokoneze njira yopangira semiconductor.

3. Biopharmaceuticals ndi Chakudya/Chakumwa

Mofanana ndi kupanga semiconductor, mafakitale opanga mankhwala ndi zakudya amaika patsogolo ukhondo ndi kusabereka. Mipope yazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi zombo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito posakaniza ndi kunyamula zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito kapena zakudya ziyenera kukhala zotsukidwa mosavuta komanso zosabala.

Ngati chowotcherera sichikhala chosalala bwino komanso chopanda makutidwe ndi okosijeni chifukwa chopanda chitetezo chokwanira, chimapanga malo osawoneka bwino kuti mabakiteriya ndi biofilms azipanga. “Misampha ya bug” imeneyi siingathe kuthetsedwa ndi njira zokhazikika zoyeretsera pamalo (CIP), zomwe zimadzetsa kuipitsidwa kwa zinthu. High-purity argon imatsimikizira kuti ma welds amakhalabe osagwirizana ndi dzimbiri komanso kumaliza kosalala ngati maziko achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.

4. Makampani a Nyukiliya

Zofuna za gawo la zida za nyukiliya zimadziwonetsera zokha. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'ma reactors ndi zida zosungira zimatha kutenthedwa ndi ma radiation, kutentha, komanso kupanikizika kwazaka zambiri. Kukhazikika kwa ma welds awa kuyenera kukhala kotheratu. Malamulo okhwima otsimikizira zaubwino pakupanga zida za nyukiliya amalamula kuti azigwiritsa ntchito zinthu zamtundu wapamwamba kwambiri komanso njira zotchinjiriza pofuna kupewa kulephera kapena kutayikira kulikonse.

Zimango Zoteteza Mwachangu

Kungokhala ndi mpweya woyeretsedwa kwambiri sikokwanira; iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera kuti ipange chishango chogwira ntchito. Njira yoperekera ndi njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizofunikira kwambiri pakuwotcherera.

Mtengo Woyenda ndi Kufalikira

Mayendedwe a gasi ndi njira yosavuta yofananira.

• Zotsika kwambiri: Mpweyawo sudzachotsa mpweya wa mumlengalenga mogwira mtima, zomwe zimatsogolera ku kuipitsidwa ndi porosity.

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• Pamwamba kwambiri: Kuthamanga kwambiri kungayambitse chipwirikiti, kukokera mpweya wozungulira kumalo otsetsereka kudzera mu mphamvu ya Venturi, kugonjetsa cholinga cha chishango.

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Kuyenda koyenera kumadalira kukula kwa nozzle, njira yowotcherera, kapangidwe kake, ndi malo ozungulira (monga ma drafts pamalo ogwirira ntchito). Owotcherera amagwiritsa ntchito mita yoyendera gasi kuti awonetsere momwe akuperekera.

Magalasi a Gasi

Pofuna kukonza kuphimba ndi kuchepetsa chipwirikiti, zida zapadera zotchedwa magalasi a gasi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, makamaka pakuwotcherera kwa TIG. Lens ya gasi imakhala ndi zigawo zabwino za zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimakhala ngati choyatsira. M'malo mwa mpweya wosokonezeka wa mpweya wotuluka mumphuno, lens ya gasi imapanga kuyenda kosalala, kogwirizana, laminar. Chigawo cha laminar ichi chimapitirirabe kuchokera pamphuno, kupereka chitetezo chapamwamba komanso kulola wowotcherera kuti awonjezere ma elekitirodi a tungsten kuti awoneke bwino m'malo olumikizirana.

Kutsuka: Kuteteza Muzu

Ngakhale nyaliyo imateteza pamwamba pa weld, mbali yakumbuyo (kapena "muzu") ya mgwirizano iyeneranso kuganiziridwa, makamaka pamene kuwotcherera mapaipi kapena zotengera zotsekedwa. Ngati kumbuyo kwa chowotcherera kukakhala ndi mpweya pomwe kusungunuka, kumatulutsa okosijeni kwambiri, ndikupanga chilema chotchedwa "shugaring."

Pofuna kupewa izi, kuchuluka kwa mkati mwa chitoliro kapena chotengera kumasefukira ndi mpweya wa inert isanayambe komanso panthawi yowotcherera. Njira imeneyi, yomwe imadziwika kuti kuyeretsa msana, ndiyofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito chiyero chapamwamba. Pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zosapanga dzimbiri kapena ma welds a titaniyamu, mpweya woyeretsa mkati nthawi zambiri umayang'aniridwa ndi chowunikira mpweya kuti zitsimikizire kuti milingo ya okosijeni yatsikira ku milingo yovomerezeka ya ppm arc isanamenyedwe.

Mipweya Yosakanikirana: Kukonza Chishango

Ngakhale kuti argon wangwiro ndi muyezo wa TIG kuwotcherera zitsulo zosakhala ndi chitsulo ndi kuyeretsa, nthawi zina amasakanikirana ndi mpweya wina kuti akwaniritse mawonekedwe a arc pa ntchito zinazake, makamaka pa kuwotcherera kwa MIG.

• Zosakaniza za Argon / Helium: Helium, mpweya wina wolemekezeka, uli ndi kuthekera kwapamwamba kwa ionization komanso matenthedwe apamwamba kuposa argon. Kuphatikizika kwa helium kumawonjezera kutentha kwa arc, zomwe zimapangitsa kulowa mozama komanso kuthamanga kwachangu. Izi nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwotcherera zigawo za aluminiyamu kapena zamkuwa.

• Zosakaniza za Argon/CO2: Pa kuwotcherera kwa MIG wa chitsulo cha kaboni, argon yoyera imakonda kutulutsa mawonekedwe olowera ang'onoang'ono, ngati chala komanso arc yosinthika. Kuonjezera pang'ono peresenti ya Carbon Dioxide (yomwe nthawi zambiri 5% mpaka 25%) imakhazikika pa arc, imapangitsa kuti madzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi amadzimadzi, ndikukulitsa mbiri yolowera.

• Zosakaniza za Argon/Oxygen: Kuwonjezera pang'ono kwa okosijeni (1% mpaka 2%) kungagwiritsidwe ntchito mu kuwotcherera kwa MIG wa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti akhazikitse arc ndikuwongolera kunyowetsa kwa dziwe la weld popanda kuyambitsa okosijeni kwakukulu.

• Zosakaniza za Argon/Hydrogen: Mu ntchito zowotcherera kwambiri za TIG, monga kuwotcherera kodzichitira kwa machubu achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, gawo laling'ono la haidrojeni (2% mpaka 5%) litha kuwonjezeredwa. Hydrojeni imagwira ntchito ngati chochepetsera, imathandiza kuthamangitsa mpweya wabwino ndikutulutsa zowotcherera zaukhondo, zowala kwambiri zomwe zimawonjezera kutentha pang'ono.

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Ngakhale mumaphatikizidwe apaderawa, argon imakhalabe gawo loyambira, kupereka chishango choyambirira cha inert pomwe mpweya wowonjezera umasinthiratu mawonekedwe a arc.

Kuganizira Zachilengedwe ndi Chitetezo

Monga gasi wa inert, argon siwowopsa, woyaka, kapena wowononga. Malinga ndi chilengedwe, sizimathandiza kupanga utsi kapena kuwonongeka kwa ozone. Amangobwerekedwa kuchokera mumlengalenga ndipo pamapeto pake amabwerera komweko.

Komabe, ndondomeko zotetezera ziyenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa, makamaka zokhudzana ndi kupuma.

The Asphyxiation Hazard

Popeza ndi wolemera kuposa mpweya, mpweya umenewu ukhoza kuwunjikana m’malo otsika, m’maenje, m’ngalande, kapena m’malo otsekeredwa (monga m’kati mwa chombo chachikulu chimene chikutsukidwa). Imachotsa mpweya. Popeza ilibe mtundu komanso ilibe fungo, wogwira ntchito yemwe amalowa m'malo opanda mpweya sangazindikire kuti ali pachiwopsezo mpaka atalephera.

Njira zolimba zolowera m'malo, mpweya wokwanira mosalekeza, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zowunikira za okosijeni ndizofunikira mukamagwira ntchito ndi mipweya yambiri yopanda mpweya m'malo otsekedwa.

Zowopsa za Cryogenic

Pochita ndi makina operekera madzi, pali zoopsa zina zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kuzizira kwambiri. Kukhudzana ndi zakumwa za cryogenic kapena mapaipi osatetezedwa kungayambitse kuzizira kwambiri. Zida Zodzitetezera Zoyenera (PPE), kuphatikizapo magolovesi a cryogenic ndi zishango zakumaso, ziyenera kuvalidwa pogwiritsira ntchito mavavu kapena polumikiza mapaipi kumadzi amadzimadzi kapena akasinja ochuluka.

Kuonjezera apo, chiŵerengero chokulirapo chomwe tatchula poyamba chimatanthauza kuti ngati madzi atsekeredwa m'chigawo cha chitoliro pakati pa mavavu awiri otsekedwa popanda zipangizo zothandizira kupanikizika, pamene akuwotha ndi kusungunuka, kuthamanga kwake kungayambitse kulephera koopsa kwa mapaipi.

Tsogolo la Kupanga Zinthu Zoyera Kwambiri

Pamene ukadaulo ukupita patsogolo, zida zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito zimakhala zovuta kwambiri, ndipo kulolerana kulephera kumachepera mpaka ziro. Kufunika kwa njira zopangira zopanda cholakwika kukupitilira kukwera m'magawo onse apamwamba kwambiri.

Mu malo, udindo wa odalirika, apamwamba Kuteteza Gasi ndizovuta kwambiri kuposa kale. Kusintha kochokera ku masilindala apamwamba kwambiri kupita ku makina ophatikizika a cryogenic fluid akuyimira kukhwima kwa njira zopangira, kuyika patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, kusasinthika, komanso, koposa zonse, chiyero chosasunthika chofunikira kuti chikwaniritse miyezo yamakono yaukadaulo.

Chishango chosawoneka choperekedwa ndi Madzi a Argon idzapitiriza kukhala maziko omanga tsogolo-kuchokera ku ma microchips omwe akuyendetsa dziko lathu la digito kupita ku chombo chofufuza zakuthambo, kuwonetsetsa kuti kugwirizana kwakukulu komwe kumagwirizanitsa zonsezi kumakhalabe kolimba, koyera, komanso kosasweka.

FAQs

1. Kodi ndingagwiritsire ntchito gasi wamba m'malo mwa argon wamadzimadzi pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoyera kwambiri?

Ngakhale kuti argon yodziwika bwino ya mafakitale ndi yoyenera pa ntchito zambiri zopangira zinthu zambiri, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi zonyansa (monga mpweya ndi chinyezi) zomwe sizili zovomerezeka ku ntchito zoyera kwambiri. Kuchotsa pamadzi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito vaporizer kumapangitsa kuti pakhale chiyero chokwera kwambiri, chifukwa kujambula kosalekeza kumalepheretsa kuipitsidwa komwe kumabwera nthawi zambiri posintha silinda ya gasi. Kwa mafakitale ovuta kwambiri monga ma semiconductors kapena azamlengalenga, kugwiritsa ntchito magiredi a Ultra-high purity (UHP) opangidwa kuchokera kumakina amadzimadzi ambiri amalimbikitsidwa ndipo nthawi zambiri amavomerezedwa.

2. N'chifukwa chiyani argon amakondedwa kuposa nayitrogeni ngati malo otetezera opanda chitetezo?

Ngakhale kuti nayitrogeni ndi yotsika mtengo ndipo imapanga 78% ya mlengalenga, sikuti imakhala ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa arc yowotcherera. Nayitrojeni amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi zitsulo zambiri, makamaka zitsulo ndi titaniyamu, kupanga nitrides. Ma nitridewa amatha kusungunuka mu dziwe la weld, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kugwedezeka kwakukulu ndikuchepetsa kwambiri mphamvu yamakina a olowa. Argon, pokhala mpweya wabwino, imakhalabe ndi mankhwala ngakhale kutentha kwa plasma, kuonetsetsa kuti palibe mankhwala osafunika omwe amachitika ndi chitsulo chosungunuka.

3. Kodi “kuyeretsa” n’chiyani, ndipo n’chifukwa chiyani kuli kofunika?

Kutsuka kumbuyo ndi njira yodzaza mkati mwa chitoliro kapena chotengera ndi mpweya wa inert (nthawi zambiri argon) isanayambe komanso panthawi yowotcherera. Pomwe nyali yowotcherera imateteza pamwamba pa olowa kuchokera mumlengalenga, kutentha kumadutsa mpaka mkati (muzu). Ngati mkati mwa chitolirocho mwadzazidwa ndi mpweya wabwinobwino, muzu wosungunukawo umagwira ntchito ndi okosijeni, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale vuto loyipa, lokhala ndi okosijeni kwambiri lotchedwa "shugaring." Kutsuka kumbuyo kumatsimikizira kuti kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa weld kumakhalabe pamalo abwino, omwe ndi ofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito mapaipi aukhondo komanso kupsinjika kwambiri.