Nitric oxide (oya) ni gaze ikomeye ikoreshwa mubice bitandukanye, kuva mubuvuzi kugeza mubikorwa byinganda nubushakashatsi bwimiti. Nyamara, ubucuruzi bwa nitricike buboneka akenshi burimo umwanda, cyane cyane dioxyde ya azote (OYA)₂), ifite uburozi bukabije kandi bushobora kubangamira ibyifuzo byifuzwa. Kubwibyo, kumenya kweza nitide ya nitide ningirakamaro kugirango umutekano urusheho gukoreshwa neza.

Iyi mfashanyigisho yuzuye izasesengura uburyo butandukanye bwo kweza aside nitide, akamaro ko gukuraho umwanda wihariye, nuburyo bwiza bwo gukoresha iyi gaze.

Gusobanukirwa Nitide Oxide hamwe nubusembwa bwayo

Okiside ya Nitric ni gaze itagira ibara ikora nka molekile yerekana ibimenyetso muri sisitemu y'ibinyabuzima kandi ikora nk'urwego rukomeye mu nganda zikora imiti. Ikibazo cyibanze mu gukoresha OYA ni reaction yacyo cyane, hamwe na ogisijeni.

Ikibazo na Oxygene

Iyo okiside ya nitric ihuye na ogisijeni, ihita ihinduka okiside ikora dioxyde ya azote (OYA)₂):

Dioxyde ya azote ni gazi itukura-yijimye, gaze ifite ubumara bukabije ishobora gutera ibibazo byubuhumekero iyo ihumeka. Mubisabwa mubuvuzi, nka oxyde nitric ihumeka (iNO) ivura hypertension yimpaha, kuba OYA₂ bigomba kugabanywa cyane kugirango birinde kwangirika kw ibihaha.

Ibisanzwe

Usibye OYA₂, ibindi byanduye bisanzwe biboneka muri nitide ya nitric idafite isuku harimo:

• Dinitrogen trioxide (N.₂O₃): Byakozwe na reaction ya OYA na OYA₂.
• Dinitrogen tetroxide (N.₂O₄): Ikigereranyo cya OYA₂.
• Okiside Nitrous (N.₂O): Irashobora kuboneka bitewe nuburyo bwo gukora.
• Ubushuhe (H.₂O): Urashobora kubyitwaramo OYA₂ gukora aside nitric (HNO₃).

Uburyo bwo kweza Nitide Oxide

Isuku rya nitide yibanda cyane cyane ku gukuraho dioxyde ya azote nubushuhe. Uburyo bwinshi burashobora gukoreshwa, uhereye kumurongo woroheje wa laboratoire kugeza mubikorwa byinganda.

1. Gukoresha imiti

Imiti yo kwisiga ni bumwe muburyo busanzwe kandi bunoze bwo gukuraho OYA₂ Kuva OYA. Ibi bikubiyemo kunyuza imvange ya gaze yanduye ikoresheje uburyo bukomeye cyangwa bwamazi bwitwara neza hamwe n umwanda.

Sorbents

Amashanyarazi akomeye akoreshwa kenshi kubera kuborohereza no gukora neza. Bahuza umubiri cyangwa imiti ihuza umwanda.

• Soda Lime: Uruvange rwa hydroxide ya sodium (NaOH) na hydroxide ya calcium (Ca (OH)₂). Soda lime ikora hamwe na OYA₂ na gaze ya acide iyo ari yo yose ihari, itabangamira.
  
  Igisubizo: 2NO₂ + 2NaOH → NaNO₂ NaNO₃ + H.₂O
• Ascarite (Hydroxide ya Sodium kuri Asibesitosi / Silika): Bisa na soda lime, itanga ubuso burebure bwo kutabogama.
• Carbone ikora: Urashobora kwamamaza OYA₂ nibindi byanduye bihindagurika, nubwo bishobora gukenera uburyo bwihariye bwo guhitamo guhitamo OYA₂ hejuru ya OYA.

Amazi ya Scrubbers

Amazi yo kwisukamo arimo kuvanga gaze ikoresheje igisubizo kiboneye.

• Ibisubizo bya alkaline: Kunyura gaze binyuze mumazi yibanze ya hydroxide ya sodium (NaOH) cyangwa hydroxide ya potasiyumu (KOH) ikuraho neza OYA₂ mugukora nitrite na nitrate.
• Sodium Dithionite (Na₂S₂O₄) Ibisubizo: Rimwe na rimwe bikoreshwa mubikorwa byihariye kugirango ugabanye okiside yo hejuru ya azote isubira kuri OYA cyangwa muburyo bworoshye.

2. Umutego ukonje (Cryogenic Purification)

Gufata ubukonje bifashisha ingingo zitandukanye zo guteka no gukonjesha za aside nitide hamwe n umwanda wacyo kugirango ubitandukanye.

• Oxide ya Nitric (OYA): Ingingo yo guteka = -152 ° C, Gushonga = -164 ° C.
• Dioxyde ya Azote (OYA)₂): Ingingo yo guteka = 21 ° C, Ingingo yo gushonga = -11.2 ° C.
• Dinitrogen Tetroxide (N.₂O₄): Ifishi byoroshye kubushyuhe bwo hasi kuva OYA₂.

Inzira:

1. Imvange ya gaze yanduye inyuzwa mumutego ukonje (urugero, U-tube cyangwa kondenseri kabuhariwe) yibizwa mubwogero bukonje.
2. Ubwogero bwumye / acetone yumye (-78 ° C) cyangwa ubwogero bwa azote bwamazi (-196 ° C) burashobora gukoreshwa.
3. Kuri ubu bushyuhe buke, OYA₂ na N.₂O₄ izahurira kandi ikonje mumutego, mugihe byinshi bihindagurika NTA gazi inyuramo.

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3. Gutandukana no gutandukana

Kubisabwa byihariye, cyane cyane aho guhora gutanga isuku OYA bisabwa, tekinoroji ya membrane irakoreshwa. Ibi bisobanuro byatoranijwe byemerera OYA gucengera mugihe uhagarika molekile nini cyangwa nyinshi ya polar nka OYA₂. Iri koranabuhanga rimwe na rimwe ryinjizwa muri sisitemu zo gutanga ubuvuzi bugezweho kugirango harebwe igihe nyacyo mbere yo guhumeka abarwayi.

4. Ibikoresho bigezweho bya Sorbent

Ubushakashatsi buherutse kwibanda ku guteza imbere ibikoresho bigezweho byo guhitamo OYA₂ gukuraho. Ibikorwa bya Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) na zeolite kabuhariwe birakorwaho iperereza kubushobozi bwabo bwihariye nuburyo bwihariye mugutega OYA₂ molekile mugihe yemerera OYA kunyura mubuntu. Ibi bikoresho bitanga ubushobozi bwa sisitemu yo gukora neza cyane mugihe kizaza.

Basabwe gushiraho Laboratoire yo Kutagira isuku

Kubikoresha muri laboratoire rusange aho hasabwa isuku ryinshi rya OYA, gari ya moshi ikurikiranye akenshi nuburyo bwizewe.

Gariyamoshi

Ubusanzwe laboratoire ishobora gushiramo ibyiciro bikurikira:

Imikorere myiza

1. Ibidukikije bya Anaerobic: Sisitemu yose yo kweza igomba guhanagurwa cyane na gaze ya inert (nka Nitrogen cyangwa Argon) mbere yo kumenyekanisha OYA. Ndetse na urugero rwa ogisijeni izahita ivugurura OYA₂.
2. Ikurikiranabikorwa: Sorbents ikomeye ifite ubushobozi butagira iherezo. Benshi, nkuburyo bumwe na bumwe bwa soda cyangwa Drierite, bafite ibipimo byamabara byerekana iyo byuzuye. Buri gihe ukurikirane inkingi kandi usimbuze itangazamakuru mbere yuko habaho iterambere.
3. Kugenzura imigezi: Igipimo cya gazi kinyuze muri gari ya moshi gisukurwa kigomba kugenzurwa. Niba imigezi yihuta cyane, gaze ntishobora kuba ifite umwanya uhagije wo guhura na sorbents cyangwa umutego ukonje kugirango ugere ku kwezwa kwuzuye.
4. Guhuza Ibikoresho: Menya neza ko tubing, fitingi, na valve bihujwe na OYA na OYA₂. Ibyuma bitagira umwanda cyangwa fluoropolymers yihariye (nka Teflon) birasabwa muri rusange. Irinde ibikoresho bishobora gutesha agaciro cyangwa gusohoka.

Ibitekerezo byihariye kubuvuzi bwa Nitric Oxide

Mugihe cyubuvuzi, aho umwuka wa nitric uhumeka (iNO) ukoreshwa nka vasodilator yimpyisi, inzira yo kweza irakomeye kandi igenzurwa cyane. FDA itegeka imipaka ikaze kuri OYA₂ urwego muri gaze yatanzwe (mubisanzwe <3 ppm).

Sisitemu yubuvuzi iNO ikoresha ibikoresho byabugenewe byihariye bikurikirana bikurikirana OYA na OYA₂ kwibanda mu guhumeka. Mugihe gazi yinkomoko isanzwe ifite isuku ryinshi, sisitemu yo gutanga akenshi ikubiyemo uburyo bwo kwisuzumisha nyirizina cyangwa gukoresha imbaraga zahinduwe neza kugirango bigabanye igihe cyo guhura hagati ya OYA na ogisijeni isigaye mumuzunguruko, bityo bikabuza gushiraho OYA₂ mbere yuko igera ku murwayi.

Inganda z'umutekano

Gukemura nitide ya nitide hamwe n’umwanda wacyo bisaba ingamba zikomeye z'umutekano:

• Uburozi: Oya₂ ni uburozi cyane kandi bwangirika mu myanya y'ubuhumekero. Ndetse no guhura nigihe gito kwibanda cyane birashobora kwica.
• Guhumeka: Inzira zose zo kweza zigomba gukorwa mumyuka ihumeka neza.
• Gukurikirana gazi: Gukomeza gukurikirana ibidukikije OYA₂ urwego ni ngombwa mubice aho OYA ikorerwa.
• Gucunga igitutu: Witondere kwiyongera k'umuvuduko muri sisitemu zifunze, cyane cyane iyo ukoresheje imitego ikonje ishobora guhagarikwa numwanda wafunzwe.

Umwanzuro

Gusobanukirwa uburyo kweza nitide ni ngombwa kugirango ikoreshwe neza kandi neza mubushakashatsi, inganda, n'ubuvuzi. Ukoresheje uburyo nka scrubbing chimique, umutego ukonje, no gukoresha ibikoresho byabigenewe byabigenewe, uburozi no kubangamira umwanda OYA₂ birashobora gukurwaho neza. Gukurikiza protocole yumutekano itajegajega, kubungabunga ibidukikije bitagira ogisijeni, no gukurikirana neza inzira yo kwezwa ni ngombwa kugirango ugere ku isuku wifuza no kwirinda ingaruka ziterwa n’akaga.

Ibibazo Bikunze Kubazwa (Ibibazo)