I-nitric oxide (hayi) yigesi ebalulekileyo esetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo, ukusuka kunyango lwezonyango ukuya kwimveliso yemizi-mveliso kunye nophando lwekhemikhali. Nangona kunjalo, i-nitric oxide efumaneka kurhwebo ihlala iqulathe ubumdaka, ngakumbi initrogen dioxide (NO₂), enetyhefu kakhulu kwaye inokuphazamisa izicelo ezifunwayo. Ngoko ke, ukwazi ukuhlambulula i-nitric oxide ngokufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko kunye nokusebenza kakuhle ekusebenziseni kwayo.

Esi sikhokelo esibanzi siya kuphonononga iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokucoca i-nitric oxide, ukubaluleka kokususa ukungcola okuthile, kunye nezona ndlela zilungileyo zokuphatha le gesi esebenzayo.

Ukuqonda i-Nitric oxide kunye nokungcola kwayo

I-nitric oxide yigesi engenambala esebenza njengemolekyuli yomqondiso obalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zebhayoloji kwaye isebenza njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo ephakathi kwishishini lemichiza. Umngeni ophambili ekusebenziseni i-NO kukusebenza kwayo okuphezulu, ngakumbi nge-oxygen.

Ingxaki ngeOxygen

Xa i-nitric oxide isesichengeni kwioksijini, ikhawuleza i-oxidize yenze initrogen dioxide (NO₂):

I-nitrogen dioxide yirhasi ebomvu-ntsundu, enetyhefu kakhulu enokubangela uxinzelelo olukhulu lokuphefumla ukuba uthe waphefumla. Kwizicelo zonyango, ezifana nonyango lwe-nitric oxide (iNO) ephefumlelwe kwi-pulmonary hypertension, ubukho be-NO.₂ kufuneka icuthwe ngokungqongqo ukuthintela umonakalo wemiphunga.

Ukungcola okuqhelekileyo

Ngaphandle NO₂, obunye ukungcola okuqhelekileyo okufumaneka kwi-nitric oxide engacocwanga kuquka:

• I-Dinitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃): Yenziwe ngokusabela kuka-HAYI kunye no-HAYI₂.
• I-Dinitrogen tetroksidi (N₂O₄): Idimer ye NO₂.
• Nitrous oxide (N₂O): Inokubakho ngokuxhomekeke kwindlela yokuvelisa.
• Ukufuma (H₂O): Ungaphendula ngokuthi HAYI₂ ukwenza i-nitric acid (HNO₃).

Iindlela zokuCoca iNitric oxide

Ukucocwa kwe-nitric oxide ngokuyinhloko kugxile ekususweni kwe-nitrogen dioxide kunye nomswakama. Iindlela ezininzi zinokusetyenziswa, ukusuka kuhlengahlengiso olulula lwaselabhoratri ukuya kwiinkqubo zesikali soshishino.

1. Ukukhuhla kweMichiza

I-Chemical scrubbing yenye yeendlela eziqhelekileyo kunye nezisebenzayo zokususa i-NO₂ ukusuka NO imisinga yerhasi. Oku kubandakanya ukugqithiswa komxube werhasi kwindawo eqinileyo okanye engamanzi esabela ngokukhetha kunye nokungcola.

Ii-sorbents eziqinileyo

I-sorbents eqinile isetyenziswa rhoqo ngenxa yokulula kunye nokusebenza kwayo. Zibophelela ngokwasemzimbeni okanye ngokwekhemikhali ukungcola.

• I-Soda lime: Umxube we-sodium hydroxide (NaOH) kunye ne-calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)₂). I-soda lime isabela nge-NO₂ kunye nazo naziphi na iigesi ezineasidi ezikhoyo, zithomalalisa.
  
  Impendulo: 2HAYI₂ + 2NaOH → iNaNO₂ + NANO₃ + H₂O
• IAscarite (iSodium Hydroxide kwiAsbestos/Silica): Ngokufana ne-soda lime, inika indawo ephezulu yendawo yokusabela kwe-neutralization.
• Ikhabhoni esebenzayo: Ngaba adsorb NO₂ kunye nobunye ukungcola okuguquguqukayo, nangona kunokufuna unyango oluthile ukuze kunyuswe ukhetho lwayo lwe-NO₂ ngaphaya NO.

I-Liquid Scrubbers

Ukukhuhla ulwelo kubandakanya ukugabha umxube werhasi ngesisombululo esisebenzayo.

• Izisombululo zealkaline: Ukugqithiswa kwerhasi ngezisombululo ezinamanzi ezigxininisiweyo zesodium hydroxide (NaOH) okanye i-potassium hydroxide (KOH) isusa ngokufanelekileyo i-NO.₂ ngokwenza i-nitrites kunye ne-nitrate.
• I-Sodium Dithionite (Na₂S₂O₄) Izisombululo: Ngamanye amaxesha isetyenziswa kwizicelo ezikhethekileyo ukunciphisa naziphi na iioksidi eziphezulu zenitrogen zibuyele ku-NO okanye kwiifom ezinyibilikayo ngakumbi.

2. Ukubanjwa okubandayo (Ukuhlanjululwa kweCryogenic)

Ukubambisa okubandayo kusebenzisa iindawo ezahlukeneyo zokubilisa kunye nezomkhenkce zenitric oxide kunye nokungcola kwayo ukuzohlula.

• Nitric oxide (NO): Indawo yokubila = -152 °C, indawo yokunyibilika = -164 °C
• Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂): Indawo yokubilisa = 21 °C, indawo yokunyibilika = -11.2 °C
• IDinitrogen Tetroksidi (N₂O₄): Iifom ngokulula kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi ukusuka ku-NO₂.

Inkqubo:

1. Umxube wegesi ongcolileyo ugqithiswa kumgibe obandayo (umzekelo, i-U-tube okanye i-condenser ekhethekileyo) ifakwe kwindawo yokupholisa.
2. Ibhafu eyomileyo yomkhenkce/iacetone (-78 °C) okanye ibhafu yenitrogen engamanzi (-196 °C) ingasetyenziswa.
3. Kula maqondo obushushu aphantsi, HAYI₂ kunye noN₂O₄ iyakujiya kwaye imkhenkce emgibeni, ngelixa okukhona kuguquguquka ngakumbi AKUKHO irhasi idlula.

*Qaphela: Ulumkiso olugqithisileyo kufuneka lusetyenziswe ngokucocwa kwecryogenic ukuqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo ayinayo ioksijini, njengoko ukuxinana kweoksijini elulwelo xa kukho iirhasi ezisebenzayo kuqhuma kakhulu.

3. I-Permeation kunye nokwahlulwa kweMembrane

Kwizicelo ezithile, ngakumbi apho ukuhanjiswa okuqhubekayo kwe-NO ehlanjululweyo kuyadingeka, kuqeshwe iteknoloji ye-membrane. Ezi membrane zivumela u-NO ukuba angene ngelixa evala iimolekyuli ezinkulu okanye ezingaphezulu njenge-NO₂. Le teknoloji ngamanye amaxesha idityaniswe kwiinkqubo zokuhanjiswa kwezonyango zanamhlanje ukuqinisekisa ukuhlanjululwa kwexesha lokwenyani ngaphambi nje kokuphefumlelwa kwesigulana.

4. Advanced Sorbent Materials

Uphando lwakutsha nje lujolise ekuphuhliseni izixhobo eziphambili ze-NO ekhethiweyo kakhulu₂ ukususwa. I-Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) kunye nee-zeolite ezikhethekileyo ziphandwa ngenxa yomthamo wazo ophezulu kunye nokukodwa ekubambiseni i-NO.₂ iimolekyuli ngelixa uvumela u-HAYI ukuba adlule ngokukhululekileyo. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngekhono leenkqubo zokucoca ezisemgangathweni ophezulu kwixesha elizayo.

Kucetyiswa ukuseta iLabhoratri AKUKHO Ukucoca

Ukusetyenziswa kwelabhoratri ngokubanzi apho kufuneka ukucoceka okuphezulu kwe-NO, uloliwe wokucoca ngokulandelelana udla ngokuba yeyona ndlela inokuthenjwa.

Uloliwe Wokucoca

Ukusetwa kwelabhoratri okuqhelekileyo kunokubandakanya ezi zigaba zilandelayo kuthotho:

IiNdlela zokuSebenza eziNgcono

1. Imekobume yeAnaerobic: Yonke inkqubo yokucoca kufuneka ihlanjululwe ngokuqinileyo ngegesi engasebenzi (njengeNitrogen okanye iArgon) ngaphambi kokwazisa i-NO. Nokuba umkhondo weemali zeoksijini ziya kuvuselela u-NO₂.
2. Beka iliso kwiNtshukumo: Ii-sorbents eziqinileyo zinomthamo olinganiselweyo. Uninzi, njengezinye iindlela zesoda lime okanye iDrierite, zinezalathi zombala ezibonisa xa zihluthi. Soloko ubeka iliso kwiikholamu kwaye ubeke endaweni yeendaba phambi kokuba kwenzeke impumelelo.
3. Ulawulo Lokuqukuqela: Isantya sokuhamba kwerhasi ngololiwe wokucoca kufuneka ilawulwe. Ukuba ukuhamba kuhamba ngokukhawuleza, igesi ayinakho ixesha lokudibanisa elaneleyo kunye ne-sorbents okanye umgibe obandayo ukufezekisa ukuhlanjululwa okupheleleyo.
4. Ukuhambelana kwezinto: Qinisekisa ukuba zonke iityhubhu, iifatisi, kunye neevalvu zihambelana noHAYI kunye NO₂. Insimbi engenasici okanye i-fluoropolymers ethile (njengeTeflon) iyacetyiswa ngokubanzi. Ziphephe izinto ezinokuthoba okanye zikhuphe ngaphandle.

Iingqwalasela ezikhethekileyo zeMedical Nitric oxide

Kwiimeko zonyango, apho i-nitric oxide inhaled (iNO) isetyenziswe njenge-vasodilator ye-pulmonary, inkqubo yokucoca ibaluleke kakhulu kwaye ilawulwa kakhulu. I-FDA igunyazisa imida engqongqo kwi-NO₂ amanqanaba kwigesi ehanjiswayo (ngokuqhelekileyo <3 ppm).

Iinkqubo ze-iNO zonyango zisebenzisa izixhobo zonikezelo ezilungelelaniswe ngokukodwa ezihlala zibeka iliso ku-HAYI kunye no-NO₂ Ugxininiso kwisekethe yokuphefumla. Ngelixa umthombo werhasi sele ucocekile kakhulu, iinkqubo zokuhanjiswa zihlala zibandakanya iindlela zokukhuhla okanye zisebenzise amandla okuhamba alungelelaniswe ngononophelo ukunciphisa ixesha lokunxibelelana phakathi kwe-NO kunye nayo nayiphi na ioksijini eshiyekileyo kwisekethe ye-ventilator, ngaloo ndlela ithintela ukusekwa kwe-NO.₂ phambi kokuba ifike kumguli.

Amanyathelo okhuseleko

Ukuphatha i-nitric oxide kunye nokungcola kwayo kufuna amanyathelo angqongqo okhuseleko:

• Ityhefu: HAYI₂ inetyhefu kakhulu kwaye iyonakalisa umjelo wokuphefumla. Nokuba ukuchanabeka kancinci kwindawo ephezulu kunokuba yingozi.
• Ukungenisa umoya: Zonke iinkqubo zokucoca kufuneka ziqhutywe kwindawo enomoya opholileyo.
• UkuJonga irhasi: Ukubeka iliso rhoqo kwi-ambient NO₂ amanqanaba abalulekile kwiindawo apho u-HAYI iphathwa.
• Ulawulo loxinzelelo: Kulumkele ukwakhiwa koxinzelelo kwiinkqubo ezivaliweyo, ngakumbi xa usebenzisa imigibe ebandayo enokuthi ivalwe bubumdaka obunomkhenkce.

Ukuqukumbela

Ukuqonda indlela yokwenza hlambulula i-nitric oxide ibalulekile kusetyenziso olukhuselekileyo nolusebenzayo kuphando, kushishino nakumayeza. Ngokusebenzisa iindlela ezinje ngokukhuhla imichiza, ukubamba okubandayo, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemathiriyeli ekhethekileyo ye-sorbent, ubumdaka obuyityhefu kunye nokuphazamisayo NO.₂ inokususwa ngempumelelo. Ukubambelela kwiiprothokholi ezingqongqo zokhuseleko, ukugcina indawo ezingenayo ioksijini, kunye nokubeka iliso ngononophelo inkqubo yokucoca kubalulekile ekufezekiseni ubunyulu obufunwayo kunye nokuthintela ukuvezwa okuyingozi.

Imibuzo Ebuzwa Rhoqo (FAQs)