Kwiindawo eziphakamileyo zegumbi lokusebenza esibhedlele okanye iwadi yongxamiseko, iindlela zokuphila ezingabonakaliyo zihamba ngeendonga kwaye zilungele kwiitanki zetsimbi. Ezi ayizompahla nje yorhwebo; ziimveliso zamayeza ezigcina ubomi. Kumagosa entengo kunye nabaphathi bamaziko, ukuqonda ubunzima be irhasi yezonyango ayingolungiselelo nje kuphela—imalunga nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko lwesigulane kunye nemfezeko yokusebenza. Nokuba yioksijini encedisa ukuphefumla kwesigulana okanye umoya wonyango ukuqhuba izixhobo zotyando, umgangatho kunye nokuthembeka kwezi gesi azinakuxoxisana.

Eli nqaku libonelela ngesishwankathelo esibanzi se irhasi yezonyango ishishini, eyenzelwe iingcali ezifuna ukugqwesa. Siza kuphonononga okubalulekileyo iimveliso zegesi zonyango, engqongqo imigangatho yegesi yonyango ukugcinwa kunye nokuhanjiswa, kunye ne eyona nkqubo ilungileyo Iiprothokholi ezichazwe yimibutho efana neNFPA. Ekupheleni kolu fundo, uya kuba nokuqonda okucacileyo kwendlela yokuvavanya iinkqubo zegesi yezonyango kwaye ukhethe amaqabane athembekileyo akho Izibonelelo zononophelo lwempilo.

Yintoni kanye kanye eyenza iGesi yezoNyango kwiSetingi yezempilo?

A irhasi yezonyango ichazwa njengento ethile Uhlobo lwegesi eyenziwayo, yapakishwa, kwaye yenzelwe ukulawulwa kwisigulana sokubulala iintlungu, unyango, okanye ukuxilongwa. Ngokungafaniyo nomgangatho igesi yezamashishini, a igesi yonyango kufuneka ukuhlangabezana nemigangatho engqongqo yokucoceka kunye neemfuno zolawulo. EUnited States nakweminye imimandla emininzi, ezi gesi zilawulwa njengeziyobisi. Oku kuthetha ukuba i ukwenziwa kweegesi zonyango kufuna ulawulo olungqongqo lomgangatho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba Ubonelelo ngegesi ayinazo izinto ezingcolisayo ezinokwenzakalisa umguli.

Kwi-a ulungiselelo lwezempilo, ezi gesi zisebenza njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo ukhathalelo lwesigulane. Zithathwa njenge isixhobo sonyango okanye iyeza elixhomekeke kwisicelo sabo. Umahluko ubalulekile kuba uyalela inkqubo yoqinisekiso lwezonyango ezichongiweyo iimveliso. Xa uthenga iimveliso zegesi zonyango, uthenga isiqinisekiso sokucoceka kunye nokuhambelana. Nayiphi na unikezelo lwezonyango Iimveliso kufuneka zize nekhonkco elicacileyo lokugcinwa kunye neZiqinisekiso zoHlalutyo (CoA) ukubonisa ukuba ziyadibana. iigesi zodidi lwamayeza imigangatho.

Zeziphi iiGasi zonyango ezisetyenziswa rhoqo ezibhedlele?

Kukho uluhlu olwahlukeneyo lwe iigesi zonyango ezisetyenzisiweyo kumayeza anamhlanje, ngalinye lisebenza ngenjongo ekhethekileyo. Iigesi ezifana neoksijini zezona zibonakalayo, zisetyenziselwa unyango lokuphefumla kunye nenkxaso yobomi. Nangona kunjalo, uluhlu lwe I-Gases eyimfuneko idlulela ngaphaya koko. I-nitrous oxide, edla ngokubizwa igesi ehlekayo, ingundoqo kunyango lwamazinyo kunye notyando ngenxa yeempawu zayo zokuthomalalisa iintlungu kunye nezokuthomalalisa iintlungu.

Umoya wonyango yenye into ebalulekileyo. Ngumoya ococekileyo, ocinezelweyo womoya osetyenziselwa ukuphefumla kwesigulana kunye nokuqhuba izixhobo zonyango njengee-ventilators. Kuphinde kubekho iCarbon Dioxide, esetyenziselwa ukufakwa umoya ngexesha lotyando olungephi, kunye neNitrogen, ehlala isetyenziselwa ulwelo kwi-cryosurgery okanye njengerhasi ukunika amandla izixhobo zotyando lwe-pneumatic. I ukusetyenziswa kweegesi zonyango ikwabandakanya imixube eyodwa yovavanyo lomsebenzi wemiphunga. Ukuqonda ukuba yeyiphi I-Gases isetyenzisiwe inceda ekucwangciseni indawo yokugcina kwaye inkqubo yokubonelela ngegesi iimfuno zamasebe ahlukeneyo.

Ingaba iSixokelelwano seGesi yezoNyango siSasaza Njani iiGesi eziSinga uBomi?

A inkqubo yegesi yonyango yinkqubo yokujikeleza kwegazi esibhedlele. Yenzelwe ukuba ukusasaza unyango iigesi ukusuka kumthombo wonikezelo olusembindini ukuya kwindawo echanekileyo ye ukhathalelo lwesigulane, njengempahla esecaleni kwebhedi okanye ipendant yegumbi lotyando. Ezi iinkqubo zemibhobho kufuneka zenziwe ubunjineli ukugcina uxinzelelo kunye nokuhamba, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukuhamba kwegesi yonyango ayiphazanyiswa ngexesha lenkqubo ebalulekileyo.

Uyilo lwe iinkqubo zemibhobho yegesi yonyango ibandakanya ubunjineli obuntsonkothileyo. Ibandakanya izixhobo zomthombo (ezifana neetanki zesambuku okanye izityalo zokucinezela), uthungelwano lwemibhobho, iivalvu, iialam, kunye neeyunithi zetheminali. Ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zegesi zonyango yeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ukuba a Ubonelelo ngegesi iyasilela okanye ukuba ikhona Ukuvuza kwegesi, imiphumo inokuba yingozi. Ngoko ke, izibonelelo zempilo kufuneka utyalo-mali kwiinkqubo ezomeleleyo ezibandakanya ukunikezelwa okungafunekiyo kunye netekhnoloji yokubeka iliso ephezulu ukubona nakuphi na ukuhla koxinzelelo okanye ukucoceka kwangoko.

Kutheni iiCylinders zerhasi zingumqolo wokubonelelwa ngegesi yezonyango?

Ngelixa izibhedlele ezinkulu zixhomekeke kwimibhobho, i cylinder yegesi yonyango ihlala iyinxalenye ebalulekileyo ye inkathalo yezempilo iziseko zophuhliso. Iisilinda zegesi ukubonelela ngokuphathekayo, ukuvumela izigulane ukuba zithuthwe phakathi kweewadi okanye izibhedlele ngaphandle kokuphazamisa unyango lwabo. A isilinda ukwangumthombo ongundoqo ogcinayo; ukuba umbhobho ongundoqo uyasilela, i Iisilinda zegesi iqhagamshelwe kwisixokelelwano esiphindaphindeneyo sikhaba ngokuzenzekelayo ukugcina unikezelo.

Nganye isikhongozeli segesi kufuneka yomelele kwaye ilandeleke. Igesi yonyango ecinezelweyo igcinwe kuxinzelelo oluphezulu, okuthetha ukunyaniseka kwe isilinda yinkxalabo enkulu yokhuseleko. Iisilinda zegesi ziza ngobukhulu obahlukeneyo, ukusuka kwiitanki ezincinci eziphathwayo ze-aluminiyam zee-ambulensi ukuya kwiisilinda ezinkulu zentsimbi zamagumbi amaninzi. Ukulawula uluhlu lwezi silinda ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo iinkonzo zegesi yezonyango, efuna ukulandelwa okungqongqo kweesilinda ezipheleleyo ezichasene nezingenanto ukuqinisekisa ukuqhubeka ukunikezelwa kweegesi zonyango.

Zeziphi iiProthokholi eziBalulekileyo zokuphatha iiSilinda zegesi ngokuKhuselekileyo?

Ukhuseleko kwi Izibonelelo zononophelo lwempilo inabela ekuphathweni ngokwasemzimbeni kwesixhobo. Iiprothokholi zokuphatha iisilinda zegesi ziyilelwe ukuthintela iingozi zomzimba kunye Ukuvuza kwegesi. A cylinder yegesi yonyango inokuba yiprojekithi enobungozi ukuba ivalve ikhutshiwe. Ngoko ke, eyona nkqubo ilungileyo iyalela ukuba iisilinda kufuneka zihlale zikhuselwe kwindawo yokubeka okanye kwinqwelo, zingaze zishiywe zimi simahla.

Abasebenzi kufuneka baqeqeshwe ngendlela yokufunda iilebhile kunye neekhowudi zemibala Iisilinda zegesi. Ngokomzekelo, e-US, iGreen ibonisa i-Oxygen, ngelixa iBlue ibonisa Nitrous oxide. Iyabhidisa iigesi ezahlukeneyo inokuba yintlekele. Ngaphezu koko, i indawo yokugcina kuba Iisilinda zegesi kufuneka kungene umoya kakuhle, wome, kwaye ukhuseleke, wohlule iisilinda ezizeleyo kwezingenanto. Izibonelelo zempilo kufuneka inyanzelise ezi Iindlela zokhuseleko ngokungqongqo ukukhusela zombini izigulane kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo abasebenzi kwiingozi ezinxulumene nazo ezonyango ezixiniweyo igesi.

I-NFPA 99 iyichaza Njani uQeqesho oluLuhle kuKhuseleko lwerhasi yezoNyango?

Kwihlabathi le ukhuseleko lwegesi yonyango, INFPA 99 ngumgangatho wegolide. IKhowudi yeZibonelelo zeMpilo yoMbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo (NFPA 99) ichaza iimfuno igesi yonyango kunye neenkqubo zevacuum. Ibonelela nge izikhokelo zeegesi zonyango malunga nokufakela, ukuhlolwa, uvavanyo, ukugcinwa, kunye nokusebenza. Kuyo nayiphi na indawo ejonge ukugcina inkqubo yoqinisekiso lwezonyango ezichongiweyo iinkqubo, ukubambelela INFPA 99 kunyanzelekile.

Le khowudi ibeka umngcipheko kwaye ichaza umgangatho wenkqubo efunekayo ngokusekelwe kuloo mngcipheko. Iyalela yonke into ukusuka kubukhulu bombhobho ukuya kwindawo yeevalvu zendawo. INFPA 99 ukuthotyelwa kuqinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zegesi zikhuselekile kwizigulana nabasebenzi. Ikwagunyazisa ukuqinisekiswa rhoqo kunye nokuqinisekiswa ngabahloli abaqeqeshiweyo. Kumthengisi okanye umphathi weziko, ulwazi olunzulu lwe INFPA 99 ibalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuthobela kunye nokugcina okona kuphakamileyo imigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nomgangatho.

Yintoni eqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweeNkqubo zeGesi yezoNyango kuNonophelo oluBalulekileyo?

I ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zegesi zonyango yakhelwe phezu kokungafuneki kunye nokubeka iliso. Kwimeko yokunyamekela okubalulekileyo, akukho "ixesha lokuphumla." A inkqubo yegesi yonyango ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa unikezelo olusisiseko, ubonelelo lwesibini, kunye nonikezelo lovimba. Ukuba itanki ye-oksijini yolwelo engundoqo iphantsi, inkqubo itshintshela ngokuzenzekelayo kwibhanki yesibini ye Iisilinda zegesi.

Yanamhlanje iinkqubo zegesi zixhotyiswe ngeepaneli ze-alam eziphucukileyo. Ezi alarms monitor Ukuhamba kwegesi, uxinzelelo, kunye namanqanaba okucoceka ngexesha lokwenyani. Ukuba uxinzelelo luyehla okanye ukuba ukungcola zibhaqiwe, i-alamu ilumkisa i ingcali kwezempilo kunye neqela lobunjineli ngoko nangoko. Ukugcinwa kwegesi yonyango izixhobo, kubandakanywa ukusetyenzwa rhoqo kweecompressor kunye nezinto ezininzi, zibalulekile. Le ndlela yokusebenza iqinisekisa ukuba Ukubonelelwa ngegesi yezonyango ihlala ingaphazanyiswa, ikhusela ukhuseleko lwesigulane.

Zahluke njani iiGesi zeBanga lobuGcisa kwiGesi yezoShishino?

Kubalulekile ukwahlula phakathi irhasi yezonyango kwaye igesi yezamashishini. Ngelixa ifomula yeekhemikhali inokuba yinto efanayo (umzekelo, i-O2), i ukwenziwa kweegesi zonyango kubandakanya ulawulo lomgangatho olungqongqo. Kusetyenziswa iigesi zonyango njengeziyobisi; ngoko ke, kufuneka ziveliswe kwizibonelelo ezihambelana neMisebenzi yoMveliso eLungileyo (GMP). Igesi yezamashishini ayifuni eli nqanaba lophononongo malunga nongcoliseko lwebhayoloji okanye umkhondo wokungcola.

Nini iigesi ziyaveliswa kuba ukusetyenziswa kwezonyango, inyathelo ngalinye libhaliwe. I isikhongozeli segesi kufuneka inikezelwe kwinkonzo yezonyango ukuthintela ukungcoliseka. Ukusebenzisa umzi-mveliso isilinda kuba irhasi yezonyango kukwaphulwa okuqatha kwemigaqo yokhuseleko. Iigesi zodidi lwamayeza baye kuvavanyo olungqongqo lwesazisi, uvavanyo, kunye nokungcola phambi kokuba bakhululwe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i iigesi kwisigulane zizinto kanye ezichazwe ngugqirha, ngaphandle kongcoliseko oluyingozi.

Zeziphi iiNkonzo ekufuneka uMboneleli weGesi yezoNyango othembekileyo abonelele?

Ukukhetha ilungelo Umthengisi werhasi yezonyango ibaluleke njengerhasi ngokwayo. Umthengisi okwinqanaba eliphezulu wenza okungakumbi kunokuyeka nje Iisilinda zegesi. Banikezela ngokubanzi iinkonzo zegesi yezonyango, kubandakanywa ukubonisana noyilo lwenkqubo, ulawulo lwempahla, kunye nophicotho oluthe gqolo lokhuseleko. Kufuneka bancedise Izibonelelo zononophelo lwempilo ekujongeni indawo yolawulo entsonkothileyo, kubandakanya INFPA 99 ukuthobela kunye neemfuno ze-FDA.

Umthengisi othembekileyo uqinisekisa ngexesha elifanelekileyo ukuhanjiswa kweegesi zonyango ukuthintela ukunqongophala. Kufuneka kananjalo banike uqeqesho kubasebenzi basesibhedlele kwi Ukuphatha okukhuselekileyo kwaye ukulawulwa kweegesi zonyango. Ngaphaya koko, kufuneka baqinisekise umgangatho wemveliso yabo, babonelele igesi ekumgangatho ophezulu njenge Ioksijini yonyango kwaye Nitrous oxide ngokulandeleka ngokupheleleyo. Ubudlelwane phakathi kwesibhedlele kunye nomthengisi waso yintsebenziswano ukhuseleko lwesigulane.

Amaziko oNonophelo lweMpilo Anokuyigcina Njani ukuThobela iMigangatho yoKhuseleko?

Ukugcina imigangatho yokhuseleko kunye nomgangatho yinkqubo eqhubekayo. Izibonelelo zempilo kufuneka ukwenza uvavanyo lomngcipheko rhoqo kunye nophicotho lwabo iinkqubo zegesi yezonyango. Oku kubandakanya ukujonga Ukuvuza kwegesi, iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwe-alam, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba konke Iisilinda zegesi zigcinwe ngokuchanekileyo kwi indawo yokugcina. I Ulawulo lweMsebenzini kunye noLawulo lwezeMpilo (OSHA) kunye neminye imizimba nayo inento ethile iimfuno zonyango ukugcinwa kunye nokuphathwa kwegesi ekufuneka kuhlangatyezwane nayo.

Uqeqesho lungundoqo. Yonke ingcali kwezempilo onxibelelana naye irhasi yezonyango-ukusuka kumongikazi ulungelelanisa imitha yokuhamba ukuya kwi-porter ehambayo isilinda—ufuna uqeqesho oluthe rhoqo. Kufuneka baqonde iimpawu ze iigesi ezinokutsha, iingozi zoxinzelelo oluphezulu, kunye nezinye iiprothokholi zokuphatha iisilinda zegesi. Ngokukhuthaza inkcubeko yokhuseleko kunye nokubambelela izikhokelo zeegesi zonyango, amaziko anokuqinisekisa impilo-ntle yabo izigulane kunye nokhathalelo lwempilo abasebenzi.

Iqhosha lezitshixo

• Inkcazo ebalulekileyo: Irhasi yezonyango ilawulwa njengechiza/isixhobo, ifuna ubunyulu obuphezulu kunye nolawulo olungqongqo kunoko igesi yezamashishini.
• Iziseko zophuhliso: A inkqubo yegesi yonyango idibanisa imibhobho esembindini ne Iisilinda zegesi ukuqinisekisa unikezelo olungafunekiyo noluqhubekayo lwe ukhathalelo lwesigulane.
• Ukhuseleko kuqala: Iiprothokholi zokuphatha iisilinda zegesi zibalulekile; iisilinda kufuneka zikhuselwe, zifakwe ileyibhile ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye zohlulwe ngaphakathi indawo yokugcina.
• Umgangatho woLawulo: INFPA 99 icwangcisa umlinganiselo we eyona nkqubo ilungileyo kufakelo kunye nokugcinwa kwe iinkqubo zemibhobho yegesi yonyango.
• Ukuthembeka kweNkqubo: I ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zegesi zonyango kuxhomekeke kwi-redundancy, i-real-time monitoring alarm, kunye nokugcinwa rhoqo kweengcali.
• Intsebenziswano yababoneleli: Umntu okwaziyo Umthengisi werhasi yezonyango ayiboneleli nje I-gesity ephezulu yegesi, kodwa kunye nenkxaso yokuthotyelwa, uqeqesho, kunye nokuthembeka iinkonzo zegesi yezonyango.