Siqhuba umzi-mveliso e-china onobuchule ekuveliseni iigesi zamashishini. Kwindawo yam yevament, ndibone indaleko emangalisayo yetekhnoloji, yonke ixhaswe yinto uninzi lwabantu olungaboni: Igesi ecocekileyo enkulu. Ii-microchips ezincinci kwifowuni yakho, ikhompyuter, kunye nemoto zimangalisiwe zezobunjineli zangoku, kodwa indalo yazo ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kwegesi ekhethekileyo.

Uyakuqonda ukubaluleka komgangatho kunye ne-chain yonikezo, kodwa unokuzibuza ngoba Imigangatho ye-semiconductor gases iphezulu kakhulu. Kutheni le nto ukuthunyelwa kwe-argon kufuneka ibe yi-99.99% ecocekileyo? Esi sikhokelo siza kuyibuyisela ikhuselo kwihlabathi le-semicondcuction. Siza kuphonononga iigesi ezithile ezisetyenzisiweyo, zenza ntoni, kwaye kutheni ubunyulu babo buyeyona nto ibalulekileyo. Ekupheleni, uya kuba nokuqonda okucacileyo kweemveliso ozifumanayo kwaye ube nokuxhotyiswa ngcono ukunxibelelana ngexabiso labo kubathengi bakho.

Kutheni le nto i-gesets yegesi ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-semicondcuction?

Khawufane ucinge isakhiwo seSkyscreper apho ingqolowa enye engalunganga yesanti inokubangela yonke i-witse. Eli linqanaba lokuchaneka olufunekayo kwi Ukuvelisa i-semicondcuction ishishini. Iibhloko "zokwakha" zale shishini azikho izitena nodaka, kodwa iiatom, kunye "nezixhobo" zihlala ziziigesi ezikhethekileyo. Yonke ukufunyanwa ye isekethe elihlanganisiweyo yenzeka kumgangatho we-microscopic, apho iingcibi zezinto, zihlala zimbalwa i-atom, zifakwe kwi-a I-Silicon wafer.

Ezi Iinkqubo ze-semicondcuctor zibuthathaka kakhulu. Nayiphi na isuntswana elingafunekiyo okanye ikhemikhali ukungcola inokuphazamisa ugcino oluthambileyo lwe-microchip, inikezela ngaphandle kwento engeyiyo. Kulapho I-Gases isetyenzisiwe. Benza iindawo ezicocekileyo ze-ultra, zibonelela ngezinto eziluhlaza zendawo ezintsha, kwaye zenze njengezikhemikhali "Scalpels" ezichaphazela iindlela zentsusa. I Inkqubo yokuFumanisa iSemiconductor ngumdaniso onzima we Ukuphendula kweekhemikhali, kwaye iigesi ngabantu abakhokelayo. Ngaphandle kokuhlala, kunokuthenjwa, kunye nokucoceka okukhethekileyo kwezi geses, ii-elektroniki zale mihla zingenakubakho.

I I-Gases isetyenziswe kwimveliso ye-semicondcucy ayizizo iimveliso zakho zoqoqosho. Baye bafumana i-Neeniki hlalungisa amanqanaba acocekileyo ekunzima ukuziqonda, adla ngokulinganiswe kwiinxalenye kwibhiliyoni nganye okanye kwi-trillion nganye. Kungenxa yokuba ukusebenza kwe Izixhobo ze-semicondcuctor ibotshelelwe ngokuthe ngqo kwimfesane yesakhiwo sabo seatom. Imolekyuli esebenzayo yeoksijini okanye i-vapor yamanzi kwinto ekufuneka ibe yi-Intert irhasi inokubangela i-oxidation, ukutshintsha i Iipropathi zombane kwisekethe kwaye kukhokelela kwiziphene. Yiyo le nto Imveliso yeGeses ekhethekileyo ibaluleke kakhulu kwihlabathi le-tekhnoloji.

Zeziphi iindawo eziphambili zegesi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso ye-semiconductor?

Xa sithetha malunga Igesi kwi-semicondcuction imveliso, bawela ngokubanzi kwiindidi ezimbalwa eziphambili ngokubhekisele emsebenzini wabo. Ukuqonda la maqela kunceda ukucacisa indima nganye irhasi Idlala kwindawo enobunzima Inkqubo yemveliso. Ayisiyo nje enye okanye ezimbini; kwanamhlanje I-Semiconductor Fab ifuna ngaphezulu kwama-30 ezahlukeneyo Iigesi kunye nemixube yokusebenza.

Kuqala I-Bulk Gases. Le yindawo yokusebenza, esetyenziswe kwizithamo ezinkulu kulo lonke indawo. Cinga ngabo njengemozulu yesiseko se-fab. Ezona zixhaphakileyo zezi:

• I-nitrogen (n₂): Isetyenziselwa ukuhlamba amagumbi kunye nezixhobo ukususa ungcoliseko kwaye zenze imeko ye-intert.
• Ioksijini (O₂): Isetyenziselwa ukukhulisa umgangatho ophakathi we-siicon dioxide (Sio₂), nto leyo isebenza njengezibanu.
• I-hydrogen (h₂): Isetyenziselwe ukucoca i-comtals kunye ngqo ifayile iinkqubo.
• Argon (i-AR): A Irhasi ye-Inert isetyenziselwe ukwenza imeko ezinzileyo yeenkqubo ezifana nokwenza.

Ngokulandelayo Iigesi ezikhethekileyo, kwaziwa njenge Iigesi ezikhethekileyo ze-elektroniki. Ezi zezona zikhethekileyo, zihlala nikezela okanye igesi enobungozi, igesi ezenza imisebenzi ebalulekileyo ye-etching kunye nenkqubo. Zisetyenziswa kwinani elincinci kodwa zineendleko eziphezulu kakhulu kwaye zifuna ukuphatha ngononophelo. Oku kunokwahlulwa ngokwamaqela anjengo:

• Iigesi: Ezi geses, njenge-silane (iSilane), ngumthombo wezinto ezisetyenziselwa ukwakha iingqengqelo ze-chip. Baphosa kwaye bafaka i-A ifilimu emnyama yezinto kwi I-Silicon wafer.
• Iigesi ze-etchant: Zezi Iigesi ezisebenzayo isetyenziselwe ukukhetha iimpahla. Imizekelo ibandakanya i-fluorine comples njengekharbon titrafluoride (CF₄) kwaye i-hydrogen pheneride (Hcl). Zisetyenziswa kwi Inkqubo ye-etching Ukulukhusela iipateni zesekethe.
• Iigesi zeDopant: Ezi geses zisetyenziselwa "dope" isilicon, ethetha ngabom ukuzisa ngabom ukungcola (a idepant) Ukutshintsha kwayo Iipropathi zombane. Oku kubalulekile ekudalani. Eqhelekileyo Iigesi ze-DoPant Faka i-Arsine (Ash₃) kunye ne-phosphine (Ph₃).

I-nitrogen yegesi yegesi njengemisebenzi kwi-semicondcuctor fabs?

Ukuba ubuya kuhamba nge I-Semiconduct Food indawo, eyona nto ininzi irhasi ungadibana Initrogen. Ngelixa ayisoloko ithatha inxaxheba kweyona nto iphambili Ukuphendula kweekhemikhali Oko kwakha i-chip, indima yayo kubaluleke kakhulu ekudaleni iimeko zezo phulo ukuze ziphumelele. I-Nitrogen isetyenzisiwe ngokuyintloko ngenxa yendlu yayo; Ayisasanduli ngokulula kunye nezinye izinto, ezenza ukuba ibe "filille" irhasi.

Eyona nto iphambili kuyo Initrogen ukuhlambuluka kunye nokwenza i-intermiver turmosphere. Ngaphambi kokuba nayiphi na into ebuthathaka Inkqubo ye-semicondcuctor Inokuqala, igumbi kufuneka likhululwe ngokupheleleyo kwi-oxmnunts njengeoksijini, umphunga wamanzi kunye nothuli. Ukucoceka okuphezulu Initrogen ityhutyha igumbi lokutyhala kwezi zinto zingafunekiyo. Oku kuthintela i-oxidation yengozi okanye enye indlela eya kuyonakalisa i-wafer. Lo mgaqo mnye usetyenziswa kwizixhobo nakwiiPods zothutho (ezaziwa ngokuba yi-fuups) ephethe I-Silicon ye-sefirs phakathi kwamanqanaba ahlukeneyo Inkqubo yokwenziwa kwemveliso.

Ngapha koko, Initrogen idlala indima ebalulekileyo kwi Ifoto yefoto, inkqubo yokuprinta uyilo lwesekethe kwi-wafer. Kwi-ultraviolet enzulu yanamhlanje (i-DUV) I-Lithography, indawo phakathi kwelensi kunye ne i-wafer izaliswe yi-ultra-nyulu Initrogen (okanye Argon) Ukuvumela ukukhanya kwesaphulelo-yaza ukuze kudlule ngaphandle kokungena emoyeni. Ngaphandle kwale ndawo ye-InERT, le nkqubo ayinakwenzeka. Ngamava am anikezela kwi-FOBS, imfuno yomthamo oqhubekayo, ophezulu, kunye nokucoceka okuphezulu Initrogen ukubonelela akunakuphikiswa.

Ngaba idlala yiphi indima ekwenzeni imeko esifanelekileyo?

Njenge-nitrogen, Argon yintle irhasi, Medically I-InErt. Nangona kunjalo, I-Argon isetyenzisiwe Kwizicelo ezithile apho ubunzima bayo bunzima bunika ithuba. Enye yezona zinto zibalulekileyo kwezi zicelo ziyimidiwa yespoutter, okanye i-sputter. Lo ngumgangatho womzimba Inkqubo yokufundela isetyenziselwa ukubeka phantsi iifilimu zensimbi ezincinci, ezenza i-wiring ye isekethe elihlanganisiweyo.

Kwi-sputterng, i-voltage ephezulu isetyenziswa kwigumbi lokuphumla elizaliswe Igesi ye-argon. Oku kudala i-plasma yentlawulo entle Argon I-ions. Ezi ion ziyakhawuleziswa kwaye zibetha kwi "Ithagethi" eyenziwe ngentsimbi esifuna ukuyifaka (njengokucofa okanye ialuminium). Amandla olawulo olunamandla ankqonkqoza kwi-atom yentsimbi kwithagethi, emva koko ibhabha kwigumbi kunye nengubo I-Silicon wafer Kwingqimba ethambileyo, iyunifomu. Argon Igqibelele le nto kuba inzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba ikhuphe ngokufanelekileyo ii-atom ekujoliswe kuzo kodwa i-inter thert ye-camict ngokwaneleyo ukuba ayizukusabela kwifilimu yesinyithi iyanceda ukudala. Inika igqibeleleyo Imeko yeNdlu yokuHlala.

Olunye usetyenziso oluphambili Argon ikwi-plasma etching. Kule Inkqubo ye-etching, Argon ihlala ixutywe ne nikezela i-etch irhasi. I Argon inceda ukuzinzisa iplasma kwaye igqume emzimbeni, incedisa i-etch yekhemikhali kunye nokwenza ukuncitshiswa okungaphezulu, ukunqunyulwa okuthe nkqo kwimiba. Ukubonelelwa okuthembekileyo Iisilinda zegesi ze-Argon ibalulekile nakuphi na indawo esenza isinyithi okanye i-etching ephezulu.

Ngaba ungayichaza ukuba isetyenziselwa njani i-hydrogen yokufaka kunye nokucoca?

Ngelixa i-nitrogen kwaye i-argon ixabisekile ukuba ayisebenzi, Hydrogen Ixabisekile ukuba ibe kakhulu nikezela, kodwa ngendlela ecocekileyo nelawulayo. I-hydrogen isetyenzisiwe kakhulu ngaphakathi Ukuvelisa i-semicondcuction Ukucoca umphezulu kunye nohlobo oluthile lwe ifayile ebizwa ngokuba yi-epitamatial. Ubungakanani bayo beatomtic buvumela ukuba ingene kwaye iphendule ngeendlela ezinye iigesi azikwazi.

Ngaphambi kokuba ikhule ikhule kwi i-wafer, umphezulu kufuneka ucoceke ngokugqibeleleyo, ezantsi kwinqanaba leatom. Igesi ye-hydrogen isetyenziswa kwinkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu ebizwa ngokuba yi "Hydrogen Byokhrithi" ukuba isuse nayiphi na i-oxide ye-oxide (i-ox, yendalo, ngokwemvelo, ngokwemvelo, ngokwemvelo ye-Silicoxide) eyile isilicon umphezulu. I hydrogen I-projeks ngeoksijini, yenza i-vapor yamanzi (i-H₂O) ethi iphulwe kwigumbi, ishiya ipristine isilicon umphezulu olungele inyathelo elilandelayo.

Hydrogen Ikwayinxalenye ephambili kwi i-pitaxial ukukhula (okanye "i-EPI"), inkqubo ekhulisa umaleko we-crystal enye ye isilicon ngaphezulu kwe I-Silicon wafer. Lo maketi omtsha unesakhiwo esifanelekileyo sekristali kwaye ulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo idepant amanqanaba. Hydrogen isebenza njengomphathi irhasi ukwenzela i isilicon umthombo irhasi (NjengoSilane okanye i-trichlosilane). Ikwaqinisekisa imeko ecocekileyo yokukhula ngokukhupha nayiphi na iathom yeoksijini yeoksijini. Umgangatho wolu hlobo lwe-pitaxial lusisiseko ekusebenzeni kweenkqubo zokugqibela, zenza ubunyulu be I-hydrogen cylinder Khupha kakhulu.

Zithini iigesi ze-etchant kwaye ziyintoni iziphaluka ze-microscopic?

Ukuba i-placiation imalunga nokwakha iindawo, i-etching malunga nokukhetha ikhethe kude kube zenza iipateni zesekethe. Yicinge njengama-microscopic. Emva kwephethini ichazwa kusetyenziswa Ifoto yefoto, i-etchant Iigesi zisetyenziselwa ukubonelela Iikhemikhali zenza ukuba zisuse izinto kwiindawo ezingakhuselekanga ze i-wafer. Le yenye yezona zinto zinzima kwaye zinobunzima ngaphakathi Imveliso ye-chip.

I Iigesi ezisetyenziswa kwi-etching Inkqubo iqhelekileyo i-fluorine, chlorine, okanye imichiza esekwe. Ukhetho lwe irhasi ixhomekeke kwinto esetyenziswayo.

• I-Fluorine esekwe (E.G., CF₄, SF₆, NF₃) ilungele i-etching isilicon kunye ne-silicon diokside.
• I-gesine esekwe kwi-chlorine .

Ezi Iigesi ezisebenzayo izizwe zangeniswa kwigumbi legumbi leplasma. Iplasma yaphula i irhasi Iimolekyuli zizodwa nikezela I-ion kunye ne-radicals. Ezi radicals emva koko zisabela kumphezulu we i-wafer, benza indawo entsha ye-windows enokuthi iphoswe ngokulula, ngaloo ndlela "ethabatha" umxholo. Ukuchaneka okufunekayo kuyinto enkulu; Injongo kuko i-etch ngqo ezantsi (i-anasotropic) ngaphandle kokubhala ungqimba. Yanamhlanje I-semicondorctor fabs Sebenzisa intsokotha umxube wegesi kwaye iimeko ezilawulwa ngononophelo i-plasma ukufezekisa oku.

Yintoni i-Vapor Vapor Vapor (CVD) kwaye yeyiphi igesi ebandakanyekileyo?

I-Vapor Vapor Vapor (CVD) lilitye lembombo Inkqubo yokufundela ngaphakathi Ukuvelisa i-semicondcuction. Eyona ndlela iphambili yayisetyenziselwa ukwenza i-filmuds kunye nefilimu enobunzima eyenza i-a Isixhobo se-semiconductor. Umbono osisiseko kukuphuma irhasi (okanye umxube weegesi) ngaphezulu kwengqondo i-wafer. Ubushushu bubangela i irhasi Ukusabela okanye ukubola kumphezulu we-wafer, ukushiya ifilimu eqinileyo yezinto ozifunayo.

Impendulo nganye kwezi tyala ifuna iimeko ezizezizinzo ezimangalisayo kwaye kakhulu Iigesi eziPhezulu-eziPhezulu. Umzekelo, xa ubeka i-pollililicon ye-polsilicicon usebenzisa uSilane, nayiphi na ioksijini ukungcola kwi irhasi Umjelo uya kubangela i-sicon diokside ukuba yenze endaweni yoko, ukonakalisa iipropathi ezisebenzayo zomaleko. Kungenxa yoko le nto, njengomthengisi, gxila kakhulu kwi ukucocwa kunye nohlalutyo kwezi i-gepos. Ithala leencwadi lonke le I-bulk sulty ephezulu yegesi Sinikezela silungiselelwe ukufezekisa ezi mfuno manzi.

Kutheni le nto i-ultra-subse subty yeyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu kwi-semicondcuctorges?

Andikwazi ukugqithisa oku: kwi Umzi mveliso we-semicondcuctor, ubunyulu yinto yonke. Igama elithile Ukucoceka okuphezulu ayithethi i-99% okanye i-99.9%. Kuba I-Semiconductor Gases, sithetha malunga I-Ultra-subight ephezulu . Kubathile Inkqubo yegesi, imfuneko inokuba yi-99.99% ("amanwine amathandathu") okanye ngaphezulu. Isizathu silula: ukungcola ukubulala ukusebenza.

Iimpawu zeMicrochip yanamhlanje zilinganiswa kwii-nanometers (i-billionhs yemitha). Kula manqanaba, isuntswana elinye lelinye ilizwe okanye imolekyuli engafunekiyo ifana ne-boulder embindini we-superhitity. A ukungcola Ingaba:

• Guqula iipropathi zombane: I-sodium ye-sodium inokutshintsha umbundu we-voltage yendlela yokuhamba, ebangela ukuba icime okanye icinyiwe ngexesha elingalunganga.
• Yenza iziphene zesakhiwo: Imolekyuli yeoksijini inokuphazamisa i-crystal ye-crystal egqibeleleyo ngexesha lokukhula kwe-epitamational, ukudala i-discorication "enyanzelisa i-elektroni.
• Bangela isekethe emifutshane: Isuntswana le-metallic linokubhabha imigca emibini ekufuphi, ukudala i-fist emfutshane.
• Ukunciphisa isivuno: Owona mboniso ngakumbi, inani eliphezulu le-chips ezinesiphene kwinye i-wafer, echaphazela ngqo inzuzo.

Kungenxa yoko le nto, njengomvelisi, olona tyalo mali lwethu luhlanjululwe kunye nezixhobo zokuhlalutya. Yonke i-batch ye irhasi kufuneka kuvavanywa ukuba iqinisekise ukuba ihlangabezana neenxalenye ze-PRE-bhiliyoni (i-PPB) okanye iinxalenye zeTrintallion (i-PPT) ezifunekayo ngabathengi bethu. I Ibango leegesi eziPublas yinto eqhuba yonke Imakethi yerhasi ekhethekileyo kwi-elektroniki.

Sikuqinisekisa njani ukuba umgangatho kunye nokubonelela ngokuthembekileyo kweegesi eziphezulu?

Igosa lokuthenga ngokuthenga njengeMarko, lo ngowona mbuzo ubalulekileyo. Ixabiso elikhulu alinantsingiselo ukuba irhasi Umgangatho awuhambelani okanye ukuthunyelwa kufike kade. Ndivile amabali ahlekisayo: Abathengisi ababonelela ngezatifikethi zobuqhetseba, okanye ukuthunyelwa kwe Iigesi ezikhethekileyo Ukuphenjelelwa kwiziko leeveki, kubangela ukuba umgca wokuvelisa ume. Ukujongana nale mibandela yentlungu kwi-virsore yeshishini lethu leshishini.

Ukuqinisekisa ukuba umgangatho uqala nge ukucocwa inkqubo. Sisebenzisa iinkqubo eziphambili njenge-cryogenic distationration kunye nezinto ezikhethekileyo ze-adsorbant ukususa ukungcola kwe-trace. Kodwa le nkqubo ayipheli apho. Elona nyathelo libalulekileyo luqinisekiso. Sisebenzisa izixhobo zokuhlalutywa kwe-Art-Art-Art-Art ezifana ne-chromatograph yegesi-maninzi (i-GC-MS) yokuvavanya zonke i-cylinder enye ngaphambi kokuba ithunyelwe. Sinika abathengi bethu ngeSatifikethi esiNikelo esineenkcukacha kwaye siQinisekiwe (i-COA) kwi-batch nganye, siqinisekisa i Ucoceko lwegesi.

A ukubonelela ngokuthembekileyo Ikhonkco sesinye isiqingatha se-equation. Oku kubandakanya:

• Ukulungiswa kweqhinga eyomeleleyo: Iisilinda ze I-ultra-gesi gesi gesi gesi thatha inkqubo ekhethekileyo yokucoca neyokuphumelela ukuqinisekisa ukuba isitya ngokwayo asinakukwazi ukungcolisa irhasi.
• Izinto ezikrelekrele: Sisebenza kunye namahlakani anamava abafundi abayiqondayo le migaqo yokuthumela uxinzelelo oluphezulu kwaye ngamanye amaxesha izinto eziyingozi kwilizwe liphela. Sinika onke amaxwebhu ayimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukucaciswa kwesiko.
• Unxibelelwano olucacileyo: Amaqela ethu okhenketho aqeqeshelwa ukubonelela ngohlaziyo rhoqo. Uya kuhlala uyazi imeko ye-odolo yakho, ukusuka kwimveliso ukuya kuhanjisweni lokugqibela. Siyayiqonda into yokuba inkangeleko ukubonelela ngeegesi eziphezulu ibalulekile kubathengi bethu ukulawula iishedyuli zazo zemveliso. Side sinikele ezahlukeneyo umxube wegesi Izinketho zokufezekisa iimfuno ezithile zenkqubo.

Lithatha ntoni ikamva legesi kwishishini le-semicondcuctor?

I Umzi mveliso we-semicondcuctor Ungaze ume ngxi. Njengoko kuxelwe kwangaphambili ngumthetho ka-Moore, iiChipmakers zihlala zityhala ukuze zizole ezincinci, zikhawuleze, kunye nezixhobo ezinamandla ngakumbi. Oku kuba neempembelelo ezingenantlonelo ngokuthe ngqo Iigesi kunye nomxube isetyenziswe kwi-dibrication yabo. Njengoko sifudukela kwi Isizukulwana esilandelayo se-semicondcuct Itekhnoloji, kunye nobukhulu bobuqili bokucofa i-nanometer ezimbalwa, iimfuno zerhasi bunyulu ziya kuba zigqithisile.

Sibona imeko yezinto ezintsha ngaphaya isilicon. Inkqubo yegesi yokuphuma kunye nokusebenza. Kukwakhona ukufuduka kwe-3D entsokothileyo ye-3D, njenge-finft nesango-yonke lesango (i-GAA), efuna ukuba sichaneke ngakumbi kwi ifayile kwaye i-etch Amanyathelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba Irhasi ekhethekileyo Umzi mveliso kufuneka uhlale uphumelele ukuze kuphuhliswe iimolekyuli ezintsha kwaye ifezekise amanqanaba aphezulu e ukucocwa.

Ukusuka kwimbono yam njengomboneleli, ikamva lithetha ngokubambisana. Ayisanele ukuba ithengise nje isilinda se irhasi. Kufuneka sisebenze ngokusondeleyo nabathengi bethu kwi Ukuvelisa i-elektroniki Icandelo lokuqonda indlela yabo yeTekhnoloji yabo yeTekhnoloji. Oku kusivumela ukuba silindele imfuno entsha Iigesi eziPhezulu-eziPhezulu kwaye utyale imali kwimveliso kunye nezakhono zokuhlalutya ukubonelela. Amaqhawe angabonakaliyo I-Semiconductor I-World-Iigasi-ziya kuqhubeka ziphambili kwinkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji.

Iqhosha lezitshixo

Njengoko ufundisa igesi yemizi-mveliso yentengiso ye-semiconductor, nantsi izinto ezibaluleke kakhulu ekufuneka uzikhumbule:

• Ucoceko yintlekisa: Eyona nto ibalulekileyo I-Ultra-subight ephezulu. Ungcoliseko, nakwimigangatho-yenxalenye yamanqanaba ezigidi, kunokubangela ukungaphumeleli kwesixhobo sentlekele kunye nokunciphisa isivuno semveliso.
• Iigesi zinemisebenzi ethile: Iigesi azitshintshi. Zizixhobo ezikhethekileyo ezisetyenziselwa iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo njengokwenzela i-InErt Allmospheres (Nitrogen, Argon), yoKwakha iindawo (i-gepos NjengoSilane), kunye nesekethe ephethe (Iigesi ze-etchant njenge-cf₄).
• I-chain yonikezo ibalulekile: Umthengisi oqinisekileyo usenza okungaphezulu kokuthengisa imveliso. Baqinisekisa umgangatho ngovavanyo olungqongqo, babonelela ngokuqinisekiswa okwenyani, balawule izinto ezinzima, kwaye balondoloze unxibelelwano olucacileyo ukuthintela ukulibaziseka kwemveliso.
• Ulwazi lobuchwephesha longeza ixabiso: Ukuqonda ngoba ithile irhasi isetyenzisiwe kwaye ngoba Ukucoceka kwayo kubaluleke kakhulu kukuvumela ukuba ube liqabane elisebenzayo kubathengi bakho, ukulungisa umgangatho kunye nokwakha ukuthembana kwexesha elide.
• Umzi mveliso uyavela: I-chipsing ye-chips ezincinci kwaye ezingakumbi zithetha imfuno yentsha, nkqu ne-pubr Iigesi ezikhethekileyo iya kuqhubeka kuphela ukukhula. Ukudibana nomthengisi ojonge phambili kuso sitshixo ukuhlala ngaphambili.