Munyika yehunyanzvi hwazvino, the semicononductor NdiMambo. Aya madiki, akaomesesa machipisi simba zvese kubva kune edu smartphones kumotokari dzedu uye nzvimbo dze data dzinomhanya internet. Asi ndedzipi simba rekusikwa kweaya machipisi? Mhinduro, zvinoshamisa kuti gasi. Kwete chero gasi, asi yakakwirira-yakachena magasi kwekuchena kusingafungidzirwe. Sekureva kwaAllen, muridzi wefekitori aine midzi minomwe yekugadzira inonyatsoita magasitiri maindasitiri, ndazvionera ndoga maitiro ekuda kwekuchena ane skyleced. Ichi chinyorwa ndezvevatungamiriri vebhizinesi zvakaita naMark Shen, avo vari pamberi pe gasi mangetani ekupa. Iwe unonzwisisa kunaka uye mutengo, asi kutungamira zvechokwadi mumusika uyu, iwe unofanirwa kunzwisisa sei. Isu tichakurumidza kudzora nyika yakaoma ye Semiconductor gadzira, ichitsanangurira mazwi akapfava nei kamwechete kutsauka chidimbu mu gasi Rukova runogona kuripira mafekitori emamirioni. Iyi ndiyo nhungamiro yako yekutaura mutauro we Semiconductor Indasitiri uye kuve munhu akakosha.

Ibasa ripi rinoita basa rekugadzira semiconductor chip?

Pamusimboti wayo, Semiconductor gadzira iri maitiro ekuvaka microscopic, akawanda-akadzika makomumi makomendi pane mutete disc ye silicon, inozivikanwa se wafer. Fungidzira uchiedza kuvaka skyscraper saizi yemasampu ekutumira, nemabhiriyoni emakamuri nemahombekombe. Ndiwo chiyero chatiri kutaura nezvazvo. Kuti uwane izvi, haugone kushandisa zvishandiso zvemuviri. Pachinzvimbo, zvese Kugadzira maitiro inovimba neyekutevedzana kemakemikari yemakemikari maitiro, uye mota yekutanga yezviitiko izvi ndeye gasi.

Magasi anoita semaoko asingaoneki anovaka matunhu aya. Vanoita mabasa akati wandei akaoma. Vamwe, senge nitrogen, gadzira nzvimbo yakachena uye yakasimba, kudzivirira zvisingadiwe maitiro. Vamwe, vanozivikanwa semagasi ekugadzirisa, ndiwo mabhuruke ekuvaka chaiwo kana maturusi ekuchengeta. Semuenzaniso, yakatarwa Rudzi rwegesi inogona kushandiswa kuisa microscopic layer yezvinyorwa zvinogadzirisa, nepo imwe gasi inoshandiswa chaizvo Etch kure zvinhu kuti ugadzire nzira yedunhu. Nhanho imwe neimwe, kubva pakuchenesa iyo wafer Kuvaka vatengesi vekupedzisira, zvinosanganisira chaiwo gasi kana musanganiswa wemagasi. Kunyatsojeka kwe kuyerera kwegesi uye kuumbwa kwayo kwemakemikari kunotaurira zvakananga kubudirira kwe chip kugadzira maitiro.

Nei kuchena kwakakosha kwazvo muSemiconductor kugadzira?

Muhupenyu hwedu hwezuva nezuva, guruva diki kana Kusvibiswa kwemhepo haina hombe. Asi mukati me semicononductor Fabration chirimwa, kana "machira," njodzi. Izvo zvikamu zvichivakirwa pane a silicon wafer zvinowanzo kuyerwa muNanometers - iyo yePilliodths yemamita. Kuti vaise izvo, bvudzi revanhu vasina kuroora vanosvika zviuru gumi nezvishanu. Guruva diki chidimbu Iwe haugone kana kuwona is great boulder munyika ye semicononductor Kubira.

Ndokusaka kuchena ndiyo imwechete yakakosha hunhu hwemagasi inoshandiswa muSemiconductor kugadzirwa. Chero ipi isingadiwe molecule-ingave iri mess asile yemvura, simbi diki chidimbu, kana zvakasiyana gasi moleky-inoonekwa sein Kusachena. Izvi kusvibiswa inogona kuvhiringidza zvachose iyo inonetesa makemikari maitiro Kuitika pane wafer' Imwe chete Kusachena inogona kuvhara dunhu kubva pakugadzira, kukonzera dunhu pfupi, kana kushandura iyo zvimiro zvemagetsi zve semiconductor zvinhu. Nekuti imwe chete wafer Inogona kunge iine mazana kana zviuru zvemachipisi emunhu, chikanganiso chidiki chinogona kutungamira mukurasikirwa kwakakura kwemari. Maitiro ese anoda izvo kukwirira kwakanyanya kwekuchena kushanda zvachose.

Kusvibiswa kunoita sei magasi wreck semiconductor kugadzirwa?

Kana Kusachena iripo mune maitiro gasi, zvinogona kukonzera "mhondi urema. "Ichi hachisi chinhu chidiki diki; i urema izvo zvinopa microchip yese pachikamu icho che wafer hazvina basa. Ngatitarisei kuti izvi zvinoitika sei. Munguva ye kuiswa chikamu, pane mafirimu akaonda ari kuvakwa denderedzwa nedanda, chisingadiwe chidimbu inogona kupinda pamusoro. Kana iyo inotevera denderedzwa yakaiswa pamusoro, inogadzira iyo microscopic bump kana void. Ichi chikanganiso chinogona kutyora iyo yemagetsi kubatana kana kugadzira isina kutendwa imwe, inoparadza zvinobudirira iyo transistor ichivakwa.

Mhedzisiro yeizvi iri kukuvadza mutsara wefabbasi. Iyo yekutanga metric yekubudirira mune a semicononductor FAB iri "goho"-iyo muzana yemapepa ekushanda anogadzirwa kubva kune imwe chete wafer. Kunyangwe kudonha kudiki mukati gohwo, kubva 95% kusvika 90%, inogona kumiririra mamirioni emadhora mune yakarasika mari. Kusvibiswa kwegasi Chikonzero chakananga chekudzikiswa gohwo. Ndokusaka Semiconductor Vagadziri vanonetsekana nazvo Kuchena kwegesi. Vanofanirwa kuve nechokwadi chekuti gasi kupinda yavo madhora emabhiriyoni emadhora akasununguka zvachose kubva kune chero zvinosvibisa izvo zvinogona kukanganisa Semiconductor Fabration Proction. Iwo mutambo weMicroscopic Precision uko kune zero zero kamuri yekukanganisa.

Ndeapi magasi akakosha anoshandiswa mumicononductor Prabtiction?

Huwandu hwemagasi unoshandiswa mune Semiconductor Indasitiri Yakakura, asi kazhinji inowira mumapoka maviri: mashanga mazhinji uye magasi akakosha.

• Magasi mazhinji: Izvi zvinoshandiswa mune huwandu hwakawanda uye hunoumba hwaro hwenzvimbo yekugadzira.

  • Nitrogen (n₂): Uku ndiko kushanda. Ultra-yakakwira kuchena Nitrogen inoshandiswa kugadzira inert "mamiriro" mukati memidziyo yemaitiro. Izvi zvinojekesa oksijeni, kunyorova, uye zvimwe zvimedu, kudzivirira kusingadiwe oxidation kana kusvibiswa ye wafer.
  • Hydrogen (H₂): Kazhinji inoshandiswa mukubatanidzwa pamwe nemamwe magasi, hydrogen yakakosha kune vamwe kuiswa maitiro uye ekugadzira zvakanyanyisa zvemakemikari enzvimbo dzinodiwa kuvaka transistor zvivakwa.
  • Argon (ar): Seinert gasi. wafer. Izvo zvinoshandiswawo kugadzira iyo plasma mune zvakawanda Etch maitiro.

• Specialty magasi: Izvi zvakaoma, kazhinji zvine njodzi, uye magasi ane hunyanzvi anoshandiswa kune yakatarwa nhanho nhanho. Ndivo "vanoshanda" zvinoshanda.

  • Eschants: Magasi senge chlorine (cl₂) uye hydrogen bromide (HBR) inoshandiswa kune chaiyo carve kana Etch mapatani mune zviga zve wafer.
  • Dopants: Magasi akadai selsine (ash₃) uye phosphine (Ph₃) anoshandiswa kusvitsa chinangwa Kusachena mu silicon Kuti uchinje zvivakwa zvemagetsi zvemagetsi, ndezvekuti unotenderwa sei.
  • Gadzira magasi: Silane (Sih₄) muenzaniso wakasarudzika, anoshandiswa seanobva silicon kuisa mafirimu akaonda.

Kuti uwane mukuru wekutakura saMark, zvakakosha kuti uzive kuti nepo magasi ese aya akasiyana, anogovana chimwe chinhu chakajairika: Kunyanya kuchena.

Unogona kutsanangura kuiswa uye kuitisa mazwi ari nyore?

Semiconductor kugadzirwa inosanganisira mazana ematanho ematanho, asi mazhinji acho akasiyana misiyano yezvinhu zviviri zvakakosha: kuiswa uye Etch. Kunzwisisa izvi mumitemo yakapusa ndeye kiyi yekunzwisisa basa re gasi.

1. Kuiswa: kuvaka zviyero
Funga nezvazvo kuiswa kunge spray-kupenda nemamorekuru. Chinangwa ndechekuwedzera iyo Ultra-yakatetepa, yakakwana yunifomu yeyakagadzirirwa chinhu pane Silicon Wafer.

• Maitiro: Maitiro gasi (SaSilane) yakasanganiswa ne kutakura gasi (sa nitrogen kana hydrogen). Izvi gasi musanganiswa unobva waunzwa mukamuri rine wafer. A makemikari maitiro inokonzerwa, kazhinji nekupisa kana a plasma, zvichikonzera mamorekuru kuti "simbisa" kubva mu gasi uye gadzira yakasimba firimu rakatetepa pane wafer'
• Nei Kuchenesa Zvinhu: Kana paine kusvibiswa chidimbu mu gasi Rukova, zvakaita seguruva reguruva kupinda mune yako spray pendi. Ichave yakanyorwa muzvikamu nyowani, kugadzira chivakwa urema. Kana paine chisingadiwe gasi Molecule, inogona kuita zvisizvo, ichichinja makemikari makemikari uye zvimiro zvemagetsi zveiyo layer.

2..
Mushure mekuvaka layer, iwe unofanirwa kuve neKutakura nzira yedunhu mukati maro. Etch maitiro ekusarudza kubvisa zvinhu.

• Maitiro: The the wafer inobatanidzwa nezvinhu zvakajeka-zvinangwa zvinonzi fananidzo. Maitiro anofungidzirwa pamusoro payo (kunge stencil). Nzvimbo dzakafumurwa dzinobva dzaomeswa. The the wafer anobva aiswa mukamuri yakazadzwa neAtchant gasi (kunge fluorine-yakavakirwa nzvimbo). Izvi gasi inosimbiswa mu plasma Nyika, ichiita kuti ive inoshanda zvikuru. The the plasma mabhomba wafer, Kudya kwemakemikari chete munzvimbo dzisina kuchengetedzwa neiyo stencil.
• Nei Kuchenesa Zvinhu: Kusvibiswa mumagasi Inoshandiswa kune iyo etching inogona kushandura maitiro ekuita. Izvi zvinogona kukonzera kuti matunhu ave akavezwa zvakawandisa, zvakamanikana, kana kwete zvachose. Simbi chidimbu Kusachena anogona kunyange kuvhara iyo Etch process mune imwe diki nzvimbo, ichisiya kuseri kwe "post" yezvinyorwa zvisingadiwe zvinhu zvichizadza dunhu.

Ko Ultra-yakakwira gasi kuchena kwakayerwa uye kuchengetwa here?

Mu Global Semiconductor Indasitiri, zviyero zvekuchenesa zvakadai se "muzana" hazvina basa. Tiri kubata kusvibiswa pachiyero chakaoma kunzwisisa. Kuchena kunoyerwa mukati zvikamu pane trillion (PPT). Izvi zvinoreva kune ese trillion gasi mamorekuru, panogona kuve nemamolekyu chete kana maviri asina kukwana.

Kuti uwane uye uone iyi nhanho ye Kuchena kwegesi, hurongwa hwakasarudzika hwe Kucheneswa kwegesi uye kuongororwa kunodiwa.

Pazvinhu zvedu, hatigoburitsa iyo gasi; Isu tinorarama uye kufema mhando yekudzora. The the gasi rinopihwa Chain for a semicononductor Fab inosanganisira nyanzvi dzakasarudzika dzakaiswa pachokwadi pakushandisa. Uyezve, Advanced kuongorora kwegesi Zvishandiso zvinoshandiswa chaiyo-nguva yekutarisa. Maitiro akadai AtMospheric kudzvinyirira ionization misa spectrometry (apims) inogona kuita Kuwanikwa Kwekuwona pasi kune zvikamu-pa-trillion level, kuona iyo uhp gasi (Ultra-yakanyanya kuchena) kupinda mudziyo wekuita kwakakwana.

Chii chinoita kuti mutengesi weGashimu-Yakanyanya Yakavimbika?

Kuti uwane musoro wokuvaka saMark, uyo akasangana nemarwadzo ekutakura kunonoka uye ekunyepedzera zvitupa, kuvimbika ndizvo zvese. Munyika ye yakakwirira-yekuchena semicononductor Magasi, kuvimbika kunozorora pamapongi matatu: kugadzirwa kusimba, kusimbisa kwemhando, uye hunyanzvi hwezvinhu.

1. Production Kuenderana: Mutengesi akavimbika anofanira kunge aine simba uye redundant yekugadzira kugona. Midziyo yedu yefekitari yekugadzira, semuenzaniso, ita shuwa kuti tinogona Sangana neyakanyanya kudiwa Uye kuti dambudziko pane imwe tambo haikombi kubuda kwedu kwese. Izvi zvinoderedza njodzi yekuvhiringidza iyo inogona kuvhara pasi-bhiriyoni yemabhiriyoni emabhiriyoni semicononductor machira.
2. Vimbiso yemhando yepamusoro: Hazvina kukwana kuti utaure kuti unazvo Yakanyanya Kuchenesa Gasi. Iwe unofanirwa kuve unokwanisa kuzviratidza. Izvi zvinoreva kuisa mari muNyika-ye-iyo-iyo-art imbiso michina ye Kuwanikwa Kwekuwona. Izvo zvakare zvinoreva kupa zvipupuri pachena, zvinotaridzika zvekuongorora (coa) nekutumira kwese. Kubatanidza chitupa chekunyepa kuri pamusoro pekuvaka hukama hwakareba zvichienderana nekuvimba uye neyakajeka data.
3. Ruzivo rwezvinhu: Kuwana a kupora gasi kana cryogenic mvura kubva kuChina kuenda kuUSA haina kupusa. Zvinoda midziyo yakasarudzika, ruzivo rwemitemo yekutumira nyika yemasiyari, uye kuronga kwechokwadi kudzivirira kunonoka. Mutengesi akavimbika anonzwisisa izvi hazvisi kungoendesa bhokisi; iri kugadzirisa chikamu chakakomba chesasi semicononductor mangetani ekupa.

Ndeupi musiyano uripo pakati pehuwandu hwegasi uye hunyanzvi gasi?

Kunzwisisa mutsauko pakati Bulk gasi uye Specialty gasi kiyi yeanosanganisirwa mune kuongorora Semiconductor Indasitiri. Nepo zvese zviri zviviri zvinoda kunyanyisa kuchena, chiyero chavo, kubata, uye application vakasiyana kwazvo.

Magasi mazhinji, se Bulk Yakanyanya Kuchenesa Specialty Gasi, reva magasi akadai sa nitrogen, oxygen, Argon, uye hydrogen. Ivo ndivo hwaro hwezvakatipoteredza. Izwi rekuti "Bulk" rinoreva huwandu hwakawanda hwakashandiswa. Aya magasi anowanzogadzirwa pane-saiti kana padyo uye akanunurwa kuburikidza nekutsaurirwa pombi yakananga kune iyo Fab's yemukati yekuparadzira system. Matambudziko makuru pano ari kuchengetedza kuchena Pamusoro pekugovera zvigadziko zvevakagoverwa uye kuona chisingafungidzirwi, chakakwirira-huwandu hwehuwandu.

Specialty gasi (kana gasi remagetsi) zvinoreva chikamu chakakura chekuwanzoitika, maitiro, kana ane njodzi magasi anoshandiswa mune zvidiki zvidiki zvekutora matanho akadai matanho uye kuiswa. Mienzaniso inosanganisira Silane, Ammonia, Boron Trichlorisi, uye Nitrogen Trifluoride. Izvi zvinounzwa mune imwe nzvimbo yakakwirira-yakadzvinyirira cylinders. Zvinetso na Specialty gasi dzakanyanya kuchengeteka mukubata, kuvimba nekukasira kusanganisa kwegasi musanganiswa, uye kudzivirira chero maitiro emakemikari mukati meiyo cylinder iyo inogona kukanganisa mhando yegesi.

Kudiwa kweiyo yakakwirira-yekuchena semiconductor gasi rinobuda?

The the Semiconductor Indasitiri Usambofa wakamira. Mutemo waMoore, kucherechedzwa kwekuti huwandu hwevatengesi pane chips zvakapetwa kanenge makore maviri ese, zvichiramba uchisundira miganhu yefizikiki. SeStursTtors Shrink, ivo vanova vanowedzera zvakanyanya kunzwa kune kusvibiswa. A Size izvo zvaive zvinogamuchirika makore mashanu apfuura ndeye "mhondi urema"Nhasi.

Uku kutyaira kusingaperi kwemachipisi madiki uye ane simba anoreva kudiwa kwethono dzakakwirira dze Kuchena kwegesi iri kukura. Isu tiri kufamba kubva kunyika uko nhengo-pamabhiriyoni aive mugoridhe chiyero kune imwe uko nhengo-per-trillion ndiyo yakaderera yekupinda Advanced semicononductor node. Kupfuurirazve, zvinhu zvitsva uye zvipvuri zvitsva, sekunge 3d nand ne gate-rese-dzakatenderedza (Gaa) vatengesi, zvinoda potoni nyowani ye Inotevera-ChiRudzi Gasi musanganiswa uye precursors. Se Gasi Vagadziri, isu tiri mumudzinza anogara achikura, achigadzira tekinoroji nyowani yekuchenesa uye nzira dzekuongorora kuti dzifambe ne Global Semiconductor Indasitiri.

Semutengi, ndeipi certification yemhando ipi yandinofanira kutarisa?

Kufamba nenyika yevatengesi kunogona kuve kwakaoma, kunyanya kana uchibata nezvigadzirwa zvehunyanzvi. Certification inopa yakakosha, yechitatu-bato yekubvumirana kwekugona kwemutengesi uye kuzvipira kune hunhu. Kana uchine mvura yakakwirira-yakachena magasi for the Semiconductor Indasitiri, hezvi zvinhu zvishoma zvekutsvaga:

• Iso 9001: Ichi chitupa chakakosha chemhando yemhando yezvinyorwa. Zvinoratidza kuti mutengesi ane maitiro akanyatsotsanangurwa uye anodzoserwa ekugadzira, kuongorora, uye kuendesa.
• Iso / IEC 17025: Ichi chiitiko chinonyanya kukosha. Iyo ndiyo mwero wekugona kwekuyedza uye calibration laboratori. Anopa mutengesi nechitupa ichi chakaratidza kuti yavo-mu-imba lab-iyo inoburitsa chitupa chako chekuongorora - chakarurama uye chakavimbika.
• Kuongorora kwekutsvaga: Gara uchida chitupa chekuongororwa (coa) kune yega yega cylinder kana batch. Chitupa ichi chinofanira kudzikisira huwandu chaihwo hwekutsoropodza Kusvibiswa mugesi, kuyerwa nenzira dzekuongorora dzinoongorora senge gasi chromatography kana misa misa spectrometry.

Semutungamiri anonyangadza saMark, chishandiso chako chakanakisa ndechekubvunza mibvunzo yekuwana. Usangobvunza "izvi gasi Yakachena? "Bvunza" Unoratidza Sei Kwakachena? Ndiratidze yako yeLab's certification. Tsanangura maitiro ako kuti uve nechokwadi chakawanda-kune-yakawanda kusanzwisisika

Key Deaaroways

• Gasi chishandiso: Mukati Semiconductor Exeruring, magasi haasi zvekushandisa chete; Iwo maturusi echokwadi anoshandiswa kuvaka uye ane hanya microscopic zviteshi pane a Silicon Wafer.
• Kuchena ndizvo zvese: Chiyero che chip kugadzira idiki kwazvo kuti imwe isingadiwe chidimbu kana Kusachena Molecule inogona kuparadza chip, kugadzira Ultra-yakanyanya kuchena Chinhu chisiri chinotarisirwa.
• Gohwo ndicho chinangwa: Maitiro ekutanga e kusvibiswa kwegesi kuderedzwa kwekugadzira gohwo, iyo inoshandurira zvakananga kumamirioni emadhora mune yakarasika mari ye Semiconductor machira.
• Maitiro maviri makuru: Matanho mazhinji ekugadzira chip inosanganisira kana kuiswa (kuvaka zvigaro) kana Etch .
• Kuvimbika Kiyi: Mutengesi akavimbika mu semiconductor gasi Musika unofanira kuratidza kugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa, kusimbiswa kwemhando yemhando kuburikidza nemasangano akasimbiswa, uye nyanzvi yezvinhu manejimendi.
• Ramangwana rakachena: Semamwe mesiconductors anowedzera kufambira mberi, kudiwa kwethono dzakakwirira dze Kuchena kwegesi (pasi kune zvikamu-pa-trillion) ichangoramba ichikura.