Mw'isi y'ikoranabuhanga rigezweho,. semiconductor ni umwami. Iyi ntoki, ifatika imbaraga zose muri terefone zacu zamanuro igera kuri modoka zacu nibigo bya data bikoresha interineti. Ariko ni ubuhe bubasha kurema aya makoma? Igisubizo, Igitangaje, ni gaze. Ntabwo ari gaze, ariko imyuka yo hejuru y'isuku idashoboka. Nkuko Allen, nyir'uruganda ufite imirongo irindwi itunganywa muri gaze yinganda, nabonye ubwanjye uburyo icyifuzo cyo kweza kirimo skyrocketed. Iyi ngingo igenewe abayobozi bashinzwe ubucuruzi nka Mark Shen, uri ku isonga rya gaze Urunigi. Urumva ubwiza nigiciro, ariko kugirango uyobore muri iri soko, ugomba kumva kubera iki. Tuzakuramo isi igoye ya Inganda ya Semiconductor, gusobanura muburyo bworoshye impamvu yangiritse ibice muri gaze Stream irashobora gutwara amamiriyoni y'uruganda. Ubu ni ubuyobozi bwawe bwo kuvuga ururimi rwa inganda za semiconductor no kuba umufatanyabikorwa udasanzwe.

Ni uruhe ruhare gaze ikora mu gukora chip semiconductor?

Imbere yayo, Inganda ya Semiconductor ni inzira yo kubaka microscopique, imirongo y'amashanyarazi menshi kuri disiki yoroheje ya silicon, uzwi nka a wafer. Tekereza kugerageza kubaka skyscraper ubunini bwa kashe ya posita, hamwe na miliyari y'ibyumba na koriyo. Ngiyo igipimo turimo kuvuga. Kugirango ubigereho, ntushobora gukoresha ibikoresho byumubiri. Ahubwo, byose inzira yo gukora yishingikiriza kumurongo wuburozi busobanutse, hamwe nimodoka yibanze muriyi reactions ni gaze.

Gaze ikora nkumuboko utagaragara wubaka iyo mizunguruko. Bakora imirimo myinshi ikomeye. Bimwe, kimwe azote, kora ibidukikije neza kandi bihamye, birinda reaction idashaka. Abandi, bazwi nka imyuka, ni ibice byubaka cyangwa ibikoresho bibaza. Kurugero, umwihariko Ubwoko bwa gaze birashobora gukoreshwa mugukabinya microscopique yibikoresho bitwara neza, mugihe ikindi gaze ikoreshwa neza etch kure ibikoresho byo gukora inzira yumuzunguruko. Buri ntambwe imwe, kuva mu isuku wafer Kubaka abasemuzi ba nyuma, bikubiyemo umwihariko gaze cyangwa kuvanga imyuka. Ibisobanuro bya gutemba kandi imiti yacyo igategeka itaziguye intsinzi ya Chip Gukora inzira.

Kuki kwera ari ingenzi mukora semiconductor?

Mubuzima bwacu bwa buri munsi, umukungugu muto cyangwa umwanda wo mu kirere ntabwo ari ikintu kinini. Ariko imbere ya a semiconductor igihingwa cyo guhimba, cyangwa "fab," Ni ibyago. Ibice byubatswe kuri a silicon wafer bakunze gupimwa muri Nanometero - iyo miliyari ya metero. Kubishyira mubitekerezo, umusatsi umwe wumuntu ni abakobwa bagera kuri 75.000. Umukungugu muto ibice ntushobora no kubona ni ibuye rinini kwisi ya semiconductor guhimba.

Iyi niyo mpamvu ubuziranenge nigice kimwe cyingenzi kiranga imyuka ikoreshwa muri semiconductor umusaruro. Molecule iyo ari yo yose idashaka - yaba molekile y'amazi yazimiye, icyuma gito ibice, cyangwa itandukanye gaze Molekile-ifatwa nka umwanda. Ibi kwanduza irashobora guhungabanya burundu byoroshye reaction yimiti Kubaho kuri waferhejuru. Ingaragu umwanda irashobora guhagarika umuzunguruko mugukora, gutera umuzunguruko mugufi, cyangwa guhinduranya Imitungo y'amashanyarazi ya Semiconductor ibikoresho. Kuko ingaragu wafer Irashobora kubamo amajana cyangwa ibihumbi byibihumbi byihariye, ikosa rito rirashobora kuganisha ku gihombo kinini cyamafaranga. Inzira yose isaba Uwiteka urwego rwo hejuru rwo kweza gukora na gato.

Nigute umwanda mu myanda ya gaze ya gaze semiconductor?

Iyo an umwanda irahari muburyo gaze, irashobora gutera "umwicanyi inenge. "Ntabwo ari inenge ntoya; ni a inenge ibyo bihindura microchip yose kuri kiriya gice cya wafer ntacyo bimaze. Reka turebe uko ibi bibaho. Mu gihe cya Kubitsa icyiciro, aho firime zinanutse zizubaka urwego ukurikije layer, ntakibazo ibice irashobora kugwa hejuru. Iyo igice gikurikira gishyirwa hejuru, bitera microscopique cyangwa idafite isuku. Iyi sina irashobora kumena amashanyarazi cyangwa gukora umuntu utamenyerewe, usenya neza uwari wekwa.

Ingaruka zibi zibabaje umurongo wa Fab. Ibipimo byibanze kugirango bitsinde muri a semiconductor fab ni "umusaruro" - ijanisha rya chip ikora kuri imwe wafer. Ndetse n'igitonyanga gito umusaruro, guhera 95% kugeza 90%, birashobora kwerekana amamiriyoni y'amadolari mumafaranga yatakaye. Amahirwe ya gaze ni impamvu itaziguye yagabanutse umusaruro. Iyi niyo mpamvu Abakora Semiconductor bahangayitse Isuku. Bakeneye kumenya neza ko Uwiteka gaze Kwinjira mubikoresho byabo bya miliyari nyinshi ni ubuntu rwose umwanda ibyo bishobora gutesha agaciro Inzira ya Semiconductor. Numukino wa microscopique aho hari icyumba cya zeru.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'ingenzi bukoreshwa mu guhimba Semiconductor?

Urwego rwisi rukoreshwa muri inganda za semiconductor ni nini, ariko muri rusange bagwa mu byiciro bibiri: imyuka nini n'udukoko twihariye.

• Imyuka myinshi: Ibi bikoreshwa muburyo bukomeye kandi bugize urufatiro rwibidukikije.

  • Azote (n₂): Ngiyo akazi. Ultra-hejuru ubuziranenge Azote ikoreshwa mugukora inert "ikirere" imbere yibikoresho byo guhimba. Ibi bisukuye ogisijeni, ubuhehere, nibindi bice, kubuza okiside idashaka cyangwa kwanduza ya wafer.
  • Hydrogen (h₂): Bikunze gukoreshwa hamwe nizindi myuka, hydrogen ni ngombwa kubantu runaka Kubitsa inzira no gukora ibidukikije byihariye bya shimi cyane bikenewe kugirango wubake imiterere ya transistor.
  • Argon (ar): Nk'intangiriro gaze, Argon ikoreshwa muburyo bwiswe kuguruka, aho byakoreshwaga mu gutera ibisasu ibikoresho byateganijwe, gukubita atome birekura icyo gihe kubitsa kuri wafer. Byakoreshejwe kandi gushiraho plasma muri benshi etch inzira.

• Imyuka yihariye: Ibi biragoye, akenshi bishobora guteza akaga, kandi byakozwe na moshi bikoreshwa muburyo bwihariye. Ni "ibikorwa".

  • EtCchant: Imyuka nka chlorine (cl₂) na hydrogen bromide (HBR) ikoreshwa muburyo bwiza cyangwa etch imiterere mubice bya wafer.
  • Abatugeze: Imyuka nka arsine (ash₃) na fosphine (ph₃) ikoreshwa mugutangiza nkana umwanda muri silicon Guhindura imitungo yayo y'amashanyarazi, niko abatora bagenzurwa.
  • Imyuka yo kubitsa: Silane (Sih₄) nurugero rwa kera, rukoreshwa nkisoko ya silicon kubitsa firime zoroheje.

Kubwumuteka ushinzwe gutanga amasoko nka Mark, ni ngombwa kumenya ko mugihe imyuka yose itandukanye, basangiye kimwe mubisabwa: bikabije ubuziranenge.

Urashobora gusobanura kubitsa no kugashyiraho mumagambo yoroshye?

Umusaruro wa Semiconductor Harimo intambwe amagana, ariko ibyinshi muri byo ni bitandukanye nibikorwa bibiri byingenzi: Kubitsa na etch. Gusobanukirwa ibi muburyo bworoshye ni urufunguzo rwo gusobanukirwa uruhare rwa gaze.

1. Kubitsa: Kubaka ibice
Tekereza Kubitsa nka spray-gushushanya hamwe na molekile. Intego ni ukukongeraho ultra-thif, neza neza ibikoresho kuri Silicon Wafer.

• Inzira: Inzira gaze (Nka Silane) ivanze na a gaze (nka azote cyangwa hydrogen). Ibi gaze imvange noneho yatangijwe mucyumba kirimo wafer. A reaction yimiti iraterewe, akenshi kubushyuhe cyangwa a plasma, bigatera molekile "kwicisha bugufi" muri gaze hanyuma ukore bikomeye firime yoroheje kuri waferhejuru.
• Impamvu Ibyiza Byingenzi: Niba hari umwanda ibice muri gaze Stream, ni nk'igice cy'umukungugu winjiye mu kiraro cyawe. Bizashyirwa mu gice gishya, gikora imiterere inenge. Niba hari gaze Molekile, irashobora kubyitwaramo nabi, ihindura imiti yimiti n'amashanyarazi yumurongo.

2. ETCHING: Gukemura Umuzunguruko
Nyuma yo kubaka urwego, ugomba kubaza icyiciro cyumuzunguruko. Etch ni inzira yo guhitamo gukuramo ibikoresho.

• Inzira: The wafer yashizwemo ibikoresho byoroheje byitwa umufoto. Icyitegererezo kiteganijwe kuri (nka stencil). Ahantu hagaragaye noneho birakomanga. The wafer hanyuma ishyirwa mucyumba cyuzuyemo etchant gaze (Nka kilometero ishingiye kuri fluorine). Ibi gaze ifite imbaraga muri a plasma leta, kuyikora cyane. The plasma Bombards wafer, kurya mvubiri gusa mu bice ntabwo birinzwe na stencil.
• Impamvu Ibyiza Byingenzi: Umwanda muri gaze ikoreshwa kuri ething irashobora guhindura igipimo cyimyitwarire. Ibi birashobora gutuma umuzenguruko wabitswe cyane, ufunganye, cyangwa sibyo rwose. Icyuma ibice umwanda irashobora no guhagarika etch Inzira ahantu hato gato, usige inyuma y "post" ibikoresho udashaka bigabanya umuzenguruko.

Nigute gaze ya ultra-yo hejuru yapimwe kandi ikomeza?

Muri Inganda za Secokonductor kwisi yose, gupima isuku nka "ku ijana" ntacyo bimaze. Turimo gukorana kwanduza ku gipimo gikomeye cyo gusobanukirwa. Ubuziranenge bupimirwa muri ibice kuri tiriyari (ppt). Ibi bivuze kuri buri tiriyari gaze Molekile, hashobora kubaho molekile imwe cyangwa ebyiri.

Kugera no kugenzura uru rwego rwa Isuku, sisitemu ihanitse ya Gusunika Gazi no gusesengura birasabwa.

Ku ruganda rwacu, ntabwo twabyaye gusa gaze; Turiho kandi duhumeka Igenzura ryiza. The Gutanga gaze urunigi kuri a semiconductor FAB irimo isupu yihariye yashyizweho neza aho ikoresha. Byongeye kandi, iterambere Isesengura rya gaze Ibikoresho bikoreshwa Gukurikirana igihe. Tekinike nka Umuvuduko Wikirere Ionisation Misa Spectrometry (apims) irashobora gukora Kumenya umwambanyi kumanuka kurwego-kuriri hagati yintambire, kubungabunga Uhp (ultra-muremure) kwinjira igikoresho cyo gutunganya biratunganye.

Niki gitanga utanga gaze yizewe cyane?

Ku mutwe ushinzwe gutanga amasoko nka Mariko, wiboneye ububabare bwo kohereza no gutanga ibyemezo, kwizerwa nibintu byose. Mw'isi ya Hafi ya semiconductor ndende Imyuka, kwizerwa bishingiye ku nkingi eshatu: Guhuza umusaruro, Ubwishingizi Bwiza, hamwe nubuhanga bwinjira.

1. Guhuza umusaruro: Utanga isoko yizewe agomba kugira ubushobozi bukomeye kandi burenze urugero. Uruganda rwacu rukora imirongo irindwi, kurugero, menya neza ko dushobora kuzuza ibisabwa byinshi Kandi icyo kibazo kumurongo umwe ntiguhagarika umusaruro wose. Ibi bigabanya ibyago byo guhungabana gutanga bishobora gufunga miliyari nyinshi semiconductor fab.
2. Ubwiza Bwiza: Ntabwo bihagije kuvuga ko ufite gaze ndende. Ugomba kuba ushobora kubigaragaza. Ibi bivuze gushora imari mubikoresho byo gusesengura Kumenya umwambanyi. Bisobanura kandi gutanga ibyemezo bisobanutse, bikurikirana byisesengura (COA) hamwe nibicuruzwa byose. Kurwanya icyerekezo cyemezo ni ukubaka umubano muremure ukurikije kwizerana no kugenzura.
3. Ubuhanga bwo LosticLake: Kubona a gaze cyangwa inkono y'amazi yo mu Bushinwa muri Amerika ntabwo yoroshye. Bisaba ibikoresho byihariye, ubumenyi bwamategeko mpuzamahanga yo kohereza, hamwe no gutegura neza kwirinda gutinda. Utanga isoko yizewe yumva ibi ntabwo kohereza gusa agasanduku; Nigicunga igice gikomeye cyisi yose semiconductor Urunigi.

Ni irihe tandukaniro riri hagati ya gaze nini na gaze yihariye?

Gusobanukirwa Itandukaniro riri hagati gaze nini na gaze idasanzwe ni urufunguzo kubantu bose bagize uruhare ruto inganda za semiconductor. Mugihe byombi bisaba gukabije ubuziranenge, urugero rwabo, gutunganya, no gusaba biratandukanye cyane.

Imyuka myinshi, nka Gaze yo hejuru cyane, reba imyuga nka azote, ogisijeni, argon, na hydrogen. Ni ishingiro ryibidukikije bya Fab. Ijambo "igice kinini" ryerekeza ku bwinshi bukoreshwa. Izi myuka akenshi zikorerwa kurubuga cyangwa hafi kandi zigatangwa binyuze muburyo bwihariye kuri sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza imbere ya fab. Ibibazo nyamukuru hano birakomeza ubuziranenge Kurenga imiyoboro minini yo gukwirakwiza no kwemeza ko hafunguwe ibintu bidafite amafaranga, bifite byinshi.

Gaze idasanzwe (cyangwa gaze ya elegitoronike) bivuga icyiciro cyagutse cyakunze kugaragara, gaze ya reactive, cyangwa imizingo yangiza ikoreshwa muburyo buke kubwintambwe zihariye zintambwe nka ETCHIng na Kubitsa. Ingero zirimo Silane, Ammoniya, Boron Trichlogide, na azote trifluoride. Ibi bitangwa mubibazo byigitutu. Inzitizi hamwe gaze idasanzwe ni umutekano ukabije mugukemura, kwemeza kole ihamye yo guhuza gazi, kandi ikumira ibintu byose byimiti muri silinderi ishobora guhungabana Ubwiza bwa gaze.

Nigute icyifuzo cyo kwezwa gaze kigurumana hejuru?

The inganda za semiconductor Ntuzigere uhagarara. Amategeko ya Moore, kwitegereza ko umubare w'abakora kuri chip wikuba kabiri buri myaka ibiri, ukomeje gusunika imipaka ya fiziki. Nkuko bamwe mu bahindagurika, bahinduka byinshi cyane kuri kwanduza. A Ingano ibyo byemejwe hashize imyaka itanu ni "umwicanyi inenge"Uyu munsi.

Ikinyabiziga kidahamye kuri chip nto kandi ikomeye bivuze icyifuzo cyimikorere yo hejuru ya Isuku irakura. Turimo kwimuka mvuye ku isi-miliyari-miliyari yari amahame ya zahabu aho hantu hantu hantu hatari ibintu byibuze Semiconductor node. Byongeye kandi, ibikoresho bishya hamwe nubwubatsi bushya, nka 3d Nand hamwe nirembo-hafi (Gaa), bisaba portfolio nshya ya gaze ikurikira imvange no kubanza kubanza. Nk Abakora gaze, turi mu bwoko buhoraho bwo guhanga udushya, gutezimbere tekinoroji nshya yo kweza hamwe nuburyo bwo gusesengura kugirango bukomeze kugendana na Inganda za Secokonductor kwisi yose.

Nkumuguzi, ni ibihe byemezo byiza nkwiye gushakisha?

Kuyobora Isi yabatanga isoko birashobora gukomera, cyane cyane iyo mugihe cyo guhangana nibicuruzwa bya tekiniki. Impamyabumenyi itanga ibyemezo byingenzi, bya gatatu byo kwemeza ubushobozi bwo gutanga no kwiyemeza ku bwiza. Iyo imyuka yo hejuru kuri inganda za semiconductor, dore ibintu bike byo gushakisha:

• ISO 9001: Iyi ni icyemezo cyibanze kuri sisitemu yubuyobozi bwiza. Byerekana ko uwatanga isoko asobanuwe neza kandi asubirwamo kugirango umusaruro, ubugenzuzi, no kubyara.
• ISO / IEC 17025: Iyi ni ingenzi. Nibipimo byubushobozi bwo kwipimisha no muri kalibrasi. Utanga isoko hamwe niri tanga icyemezo byagaragaye ko munzu yabo yo munzu - imwe itanga icyemezo cyawe cyo gusesengura - ni ukuri kandi byizewe.
• Isesengura rikurikirana: Buri gihe usabe icyemezo cyisesengura (coa) kuri buri silinderi imwe cyangwa icyiciro. Iki cyemezo kigomba gusobanura urwego nyarwo rwingenzi umwanda muri gaze, yapimwe nuburyo bwihariye bwo gusesengura bumeze Gazi ya chromatography cyangwa ubwinshi.

Nkumuyobozi uhamye nka Mark, igikoresho cyawe cyiza nukubaza ibibazo bishoboka. Ntubaza gusa "ni iyi gaze Uraho? "Baza" Nigute ushobora kwerekana ko ari uwera? Nyereka icyemezo cyawe cya laboratoire. Sobanura inzira yawe yo guharanira inyungu nyinshi kugeza kuri byinshi. "Impuguke mubyukuri kandi yizewe izakira ibyo bibazo kandi ifite ibisubizo bizeye, ibisubizo bifatika.

ABAFATANYIJE

• Gaze nigikoresho: In Gukora Semiconductor, imyuka ntabwo ari ibikoresho gusa; ni ibikoresho byateganijwe bikoreshwa mukubaka no gutwara microscopic imirongo ya a Silicon Wafer.
• Ubuziranenge nibintu byose: Igipimo cya Chip Gukora ni nto cyane kuburyo udashaka ibice cyangwa umwanda Molecule irashobora gusenya chip, gukora Ultra-Isuku Ibisabwa bitaganirwaho.
• Umusaruro nintego: Ingaruka z'ibanze za kwanduza gaze ni kugabanuka mu gukora umusaruro, ibyo bisobanurira muri miriyoni z'amadolari mu myizerere yatakaye kuri Semiconductor Fabs.
• Inzira ebyiri nyamukuru: Intambwe nyinshi mugukora chip zirimo Kubitsa (kubaka ibice) cyangwa etch .
• Kwizerwa ni urufunguzo: Utanga isoko yizewe muri gaze ya semiconductor Isoko rigomba kwerekana ko umusaruro uhoraho, ubwishingizi bwiza bwerekanwe binyuze muri laboratoire yemewe, hamwe nubuyobozi bwimyanya.
• Ejo hazaza ni hera: Nkuko ibice byubaka byateye imbere, icyifuzo cyinshi cya Isuku (hasi ku bice-kuri tiriyari) bizakomeza gukura gusa.