Tera mu ruganda urwo arirwo rwose, laboratoire, cyangwa ibitaro, uzabibona. Ni abafatanyabikorwa bacecetse, ntangarugero mubihe bitabarika, kuva gusudira ikadiri yikirere kugirango ibiryo byawe bishya. Ndavuga gaze yinganda na gaze ya tekiniki. Nkuko Allen, nyir'uruganda mu Bushinwa afite imirongo irindwi yumusaruro, nakoresheje umwuga wanjye usobanukirwa nibi bikoresho bikomeye. Ubucuruzi bwanjye butera imbere ku gutanga imyuga itunganijwe ku isi hose, kuva muri Amerika i Burayi. Nakoranye nabashinzwe amasoko batabarika nkumuyobozi wa Mark Shen-gufata icyemezo gisaba ubuziranenge ariko bahora bashaka inkombe. Iyi ngingo ni iyanyu, Mark, kandi kubantu bose bishingikiriza kuri gaze. Tuzasubiza inyuma umwenda kubyo imyuga, uko bakora, kandi ingenzi cyane, uburyo bwo kubikoresha hamwe ntarengwa umutekano no gukora neza. Ubu ni ubuyobozi bwinzobere mwisi ya imyuka mu nganda.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bw'inganda na tekiniki?

Ubwa mbere, reka dusobanure amagambo. "Gazi y'inganda" na "gaze ya tekiniki"akenshi bikoreshwa mu buryo bumwe. Bavuga itsinda rya gaze ikorerwa gukoreshwa muri inganda n'inganda. Bitandukanye n'umwuka duhumeka (ni imvange karemano), iyi myuka iratandukanye kandi isukurwa mu ntego zihariye. Ibisanzwe kuri ibi-ogisijeni, azote, na argon-Akozwe no gukonjesha umwuka hasi kugeza bihindutse amazi hanyuma utandukane ibice, inzira yitwa corugenic gutandukana. Izindi myuka, nka hydrogen, irashobora gukorwa binyuze muburyo bwitwa metani ivugurura gaze gasanzwe, mugihe acetylene iremwa binyuze mumiti yihariye.

Ibi imyuka mubisanzwe yahawe abakiriya muburyo bubiri bukurikira: Nkakorgenic amazi mumato menshi, yishingiwe kubakoresha-benshi, cyangwa nka imyuka yagereranijwe Mu rwego rwo hejuru silinders kubisabwa bito. Gazi yihariye cyangwa imvange zatoranijwe zishingiye kumiterere yihariye yimiti. Kurugero, imyuka imwe irakora cyane (nka ogisijeni), mugihe abandi bari hafi rwose, cyangwa inert (nka argon). Gusobanukirwa ibi bintu nintambwe yambere yo gukoresha imbaraga zabo.

The Isoko rya gaze yinganda ni manini kuko ibi bicuruzwa nibyingenzi buri murenge. Mu ruganda rw'ibyuma twubaka imigi yacu inganda za elegitoronike zitanga terefone zacu, Imyuka yinganda ifite uruhare rukomeye. Ntabwo ari ibicuruzwa byanyuma ugura, ariko niyo bafasha byingenzi bituma ibyo bicuruzwa bishoboka. Igipimo cyuzuye kandi ibintu bitandukanye nibyo bikora Urwego rwa gaze imbaraga rero kandi zinyabunga ubukungu bwisi.

Nigute ogisijeni, umwuka wubuzima, ukoreshwa mumusaruro winganda?

Mugihe dukeneye ogisijeni Kubaho, uruhare rwayo mu nganda ni ngombwa. Ogisijeni ni gaze igenda itera imbere, ni umutungo winganda zikoreshwa cyane. Gusaba kwayo kwibanze, kubara hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyibikorwa byayo byinganda, biri munganda. Mugihe ukora ibyuma, byera ogisijeni yatutswe mu cyuma. Iyi ikomeye okiside Inzira ikuraho umwanda nka karubone, itanga imbaraga, nziza-ireme ryicyuma neza. Iyi ni imwe mu ngero zisobanutse neza Uruganda rukora inganda igice cyingenzi mububiko buremereye.

Hanze y'icyuma, ogisijeni ni imfuruka ya benshi Ibisubizo by'imiti na inzira yo gutwika. In gusudira no gukata, ikoreshwa na gaze ya lisansi nka acetylene Gukora urumuri rushyushye cyane rushobora kunyura mucyuma cyijimye. Ubu ni inzira yibanze mubwubatsi no guhimba icyuma. Imiti inganda nazo ikoresha ogisijeni Nkumusemburo na reaction kuri synthesis y'ibikoresho byinshi. Ifite akamaro Porogaramu mu kuvura amazi, aho bikoreshwa mumazi no gufasha gukuraho umwanda.

Birumvikana ko tudashobora kwibagirwa uruhare rwayo mubuvuzi. Urwego rw'ubuvuzi ogisijeni ni ubuzima bwumuntu kubarwayi bafite ibibazo byubuhumekero. The isuku y'ubuvuzi ogisijeni ni yagenzuwe cyane, kuko umwanda ushobora kwangiza. Ibi byerekana insanganyamatsiko y'ingenzi muri gaze yinganda: gaze iburyo, muburyo bwiza, ni ngombwa kubisaba. Hano hari bake cyane ibintu hamwe na ogisijeni idahuza, kora reaction yacyo igikoresho gikomeye hakurya inganda nyinshi.

Kuki azote aririnda ikiruta mu nganda zibiribwa ndetse no hanze yibiribwa?

Niba ogisijeni ni gaze ya reaction, azote ni gaze yo kurinda. Azote igizwe na 78% yikirere cyacu kandi gihabwa agaciro mu nganda kuba an gaze ya inert-Kunama ntabwo byoroshye kubyitwaramo nibindi bintu. Uyu mutungo utuma ari ingirakamaro bidasanzwe kugirango akumire udashaka okiside. Kimwe mu bibanza uzabona ibi mubikorwa biri muri Gupakira ibiryo. Iyo ufunguye umufuka wibiti byibirayi, iyo puff of their ntabwo ari umwuka gusa; ahanini azote. Azote ikoreshwa kwimura ogisijeni, ibyo byakora chip stale na oils rancid. Iyi nzira, yahamagaye gupakira ikirere (Ikarita), igura ubuzima bwa filf kandi ikagumaho ibiryo bishya.

Ubu bwoko bwo kurinda nibyingenzi mubindi byinshi Inzego z'inganda. Mu gukora ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, azote Kurema ikirere kivanze kugirango wirinde inenge mugihe cyo kugurisha imbaho ​​zumuzunguruko. Inganda zimiti na peteroli zikoresha azote Kuri "ibipimo byanditseho" birimo amazi yaka. Ibi azote Icyari cyiswera kibuza amazi kwinjira mu kirere, kugabanya cyane ibyago byo gucana cyangwa guturika. Ni bikunze gukoreshwa Muri aya makuru anenga.

Byongeye kandi, iyo gukonjeshwa kubisanzwe byayo (-196 ° C cyangwa -320 ° F), azote ihinduka umukozi ukomeye. Amazi azote ikoreshwa mu biryo bikonjesha, birinda ingero z'ibinyabuzima, no mu nzira zitandukanye z'ubuvuzi. Kuva kuri Inganda n'ingano Kuri Gukora Ihanga, Ingero yoroshye, idahwitse ya azote ituma imwe mubyiciro byinshi kandi Byakoreshejwe cyane inganda.

Ni uruhe ruhare rw'umwuka mwiza nka argon na helium mu nzira ndende?

Birenze ogisijeni na azote, hari ibyiciro byihariye byibintu bizwi nka gaze nziza umuryango. Izi myuka, zirimo helium na argon, ndetse ni inert irenze azote. Ibi bituma batunganya ibyifuzo byumva cyane aho nuburyo bworoheje budashobora kwihanganira. Argon ni nyampinga utarakaye kwisi ya gusudira n'icyuma guhimba. Iyo wowe weld ibyuma nka steel idafite ikibazo cyangwa alumini, birakabije cyane kubyitwaramo ogisijeni na azote mu kirere ku bushyuhe bwinshi, buca intege weld.

Kurinda ibi, gutembera kwa argon ikoreshwa nka gaze yingabo. The argon Kurema igituba kirinda ibyuma byashonze, kubyiha ikirere no kwemeza imbaraga, isuku weld. Iyi niyo mpamvu argon ni ngombwa rwose kugirango usuheregize neza. Kuko ari a gaze nziza, ntizitwara n'icyuma na gato, bituma asumba gaze Kuri azote kubikoresho bimwe. Imyuga ya inert nka argon ni urufunguzo rwo guhimba kigezweho.

Helium, ikintu cya kabiri-cyoroshye, gifite ubuhanga bwihariye. Nubwo nazo ikoreshwa nka gaze yingabo, imitungo yayo izwi cyane ni ubucucike bugufi hamwe nuburyo budasanzwe bubi. Byakoreshejwe mugushiramo imipira nini ningyuma. Mu murima w'ubuvuzi, ahantu habi biratetse ni ngombwa ko gukonjesha magne nyinshi mu mashini za MRI. Helium ikoreshwa kandi mugukora neza kugirango ugaragaze; Kuberako atome yacyo ari nto cyane, irashobora kubona uduce duto duto ko izindi myuka idashobora. Nka gaze ihamye kandi idahwitse, helium ikora nk'abatwara gaze muri gaze chromatografiya, tekinike yingenzi muri chimie yisesengura.

Nigute imyuga idahwitse nka acetylene na hydrogen lisansi yububasha bwingirakamaro?

Mugihe imyuka ya inert irinda reaction, izindi imyuka y'inganda bakoreshejwe neza kuko babikora. Acetylene Ahari birashoboka cyane muri ibi mu isi. Ryari acetylene ihujwe no kwera ogisijeni, irerekana imwe mumazuru ahagaragara yubucuruzi, agera kuri 3,300 ° C (6.000 ° F). Ubushyuhe bukomeye buratunganye kuri oxy-acetylene gusudira no gukata. Imyuka nka acetylene Emerera abapfumu guhagarika vuba binyuze mumasahani aremereye cyangwa weld Mu bihe aho arc yo mu mashanyarazi atari ingirakamaro. Ubushyuhe bwabwo bukabije butuma igikoresho cyingenzi.

Hydrogen, ikintu cyoroshye, nubundi buryo bwo kuvugurura hamwe nurutonde rukura rwa Porogaramu nyinshi. Mu myaka ibarirwa muri za mirongo, byabaye ikintu cyingenzi mu nganda za peteroli kugirango uzamure amavuta yubugome. Nubuntu bwingenzi muburyo bwimiti Inganda, harimo na Umusaruro wa Methanol na Ammonia, ibya nyuma bikenewe mugukora ifumbire. Ibinini binini Inganda Koresha toni miliyoni za hydrogen Buri mwaka.

Uyu munsi, hydrogen na no ku isonga ry'inzibacyuho isukuye. Irashobora gukoreshwa muri selile za lisansi kugirango itange amashanyarazi n'amazi gusa nka nkoderono Nkumutanga, twabonye ibisabwa Hydrogen kubushakashatsi nibikorwa bishya byingufu. Uruhare rwarwo nkibikorwa byinzego byibanze hamwe na lisansi izaza bituma kimwe mubintu byingenzi imyuka kunganda Koresha.

Ese karuboni ya dioxyde kuruta fizz gusa mubinyobwa byawe?

Iyo abantu benshi batekereza dioxyde de carbone (Co₂), batekereza ku bituba muri soda. Kandi mubyukuri, Uwiteka Inganda n'ingano ni umukoresha wingenzi wa co₂ kubinyobwa bya kanseri. Ariko akamaro kayo birenze kure ibyo. Nka azote, dioxyde de carbone irashobora gukoreshwa muburyo bwahinduwe Gupakira ibiryo kwagura ubuzima bwibicuruzwa nkinyama na foromaje. Kamere yayo ya Acidique mugihe yashonga mumazi afasha kubuza imikurire ya mikorobe.

Mu buryo bukomeye, dioxyde de carbone izwi nka urubura rwumye, umukozi ukomeye ukonje ni Byakoreshejwe cyane yo kohereza ibiryo byakonje nibikoresho byubuvuzi. Ifite ibyiza byo kugabura-guhindukira bivuye kuri gaze-kuburyo bidasiga ibisigisigi byamazi. Birenze ibiryo n'ibinyobwa, co₂ ifite major Porogaramu mu kuvura amazi. Byakoreshejwe mu kutabogama amazi ya alkaline, gutanga ubundi buryo bwiza kandi bugenzurwa muburyo bukaze acide.

Co₂ nanone irambura neza. Ikora yimura ogisijeni, kwambura umuriro w'ibyo ikeneye gutwika, kandi mugutanga ingaruka zo gukonjesha. Bikunze gukoreshwa muburyo bwo kurinda umuriro bwikora kubice bya seriveri cyangwa ibindi bikoresho bya elegitoroniki byumva aho sisitemu ya Scrickink yangiza amazi yangiza. Duhereye kubiryo byacu bishya kugirango turinde amakuru yacu, dioxyde de carbone ni ibintu bitangaje gaze yinganda. Dutanga urutonde rwa CARBON DIOXIDE guhura nibi bikenewe bitandukanye.

Ni ubuhe bwoko bwihariye kandi kuki ari isuku hejuru cyane?

Ijambo imyuka yihariye bivuga ubuziranenge-ubuziranenge imyuka cyangwa gaze ikoreshwa muburyo bwihariye, porogaramu za tekiniki. Mugihe amanota yinganda argon Hashobora kuba 99.9% wera, gaze yihariye kubikoresho byubushakashatsi cyangwa inganda za semiconductor birashobora gukenera kuba "Nines eshanu" (99.999%) cyangwa "nine esheshatu". Muri ibi Igenamiterere ry'inganda, Ndetse na minuscule umwanda wa minuscule birashobora kwangiza inzira yunvikana cyangwa igerageza rihenze.

Iki cyiciro kirimo imyuga yera nka helium kuri chromatografiya, kimwe noroshye Uruvange rwa gaze. Izi mvugo ni kazu, zivanze neza kugirango ugerageze kandi zikaba ibikoresho byisesengura, nkibihumanya ikirere bikurikirana cyangwa ibikoresho byubuvuzi. Ukuri kw'ibi bikoresho biterwa rwose no kumenyero ka gaze ya kalibrasi. Uyu ni umurima ubanza kugenzura neza atari ngombwa - nibicuruzwa byose.

Kubwumuteka ushinzwe gutanga amasoko nka Mark, aha niho kwizerana ari mwinshi. Uburiganya Icyemezo ni ibyago nyabyo, kandi ingaruka zo gukoresha gaze ishimishije muburyo bukomeye bushobora kuba ibyago. Nkumukora, sinshobora gushimangira ibi bihagije: Buri gihe kora hamwe nabatanga isoko bashobora gutanga ibyemezo birambuye byisesengura kandi bafite uburyo bukomeye bwo kugenzura. Icyifuzo imyuka yihariye ni Isezerano ryuburyo bugezweho inganda zikoresha Ibi bikoresho by'ingenzi.

Nigute ushobora kwemeza umutekano mugihe ukoresha imyuka ifunze?

Gukorana imyuka y'inganda ni umutekano, ariko bisaba ubumenyi no kubaha ibicuruzwa. Ubwinshi bwa imyuka yinganda irakoreshwa amahoro buri munsi hejuru ya a inganda nini. Hazard yibanze ituruka kumuvuduko mwinshi imbere silinders nibiranga byihariye bya gaze ubwayo (urugero, umuriro waka cyangwa ubushobozi bwo kwimura ogisijeni). Amahugurwa akwiye nintambwe yambere kandi yingenzi. Umuntu wese utanga silinders bigomba guhugurwa kuburyo bwo kwimuka, kubika, no kuyihuza neza.

Silinders igomba guhora ifite umutekano mumwanya ugororotse kugirango ibabuze kugwa, bishobora kwangiza valve kandi bigatuma kurekura gaze vuba, itagenzuwe. Ventilation ikwiye nayo ni ngombwa, cyane cyane iyo ikorana na imyuka ya inert nka azote cyangwa Argon. Mu mwanya ufunze, induru yizi myuka irashobora kwimura umwuka wo guhumeka, gukora ibyago bikomeye byo guhumeka. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, umuriro imyuka n'ivanga nka hydrogen cyangwa acetylene igomba kubikwa kure y'amasoko yo gutwika.

Hanyuma, burigihe ukoreshe redulator nubwishingizi bwa gaze yihariye ukoresha. Abagenzuzi kuri ogisijeni yubatswe muburyo butandukanye naba acetylene gukemura ibibazo byihariye bya buri gaze neza. Gukoresha ibikoresho bitari byo birashobora kuganisha ku gutsindwa no gutesha agaciro. Ukurikije amategeko yumutekano washyizweho no gufatanya nuwabitanze utanga imiyoboro yagumije neza hamwe namakuru yumutekano asobanutse, urashobora kwemeza ko imyuka y'inganda guma ibikoresho bikomeye bagenewe kuba.

Ni iki ukwiye gushakisha mu isoko yizewe mu nganda?

Kuri nyiri sosiyete hamwe numukozi ushinzwe gutanga amasoko nka Mark, guhitamo utanga isoko nicyemezo kifatika kigira ingaruka kumiterere yimiterere yumusaruro kumutekano wingabo. Igiciro buri gihe ni ikintu, ariko ubuziranenge, kwizerwa, no gutumanaho birakomeye cyane mugihe kirekire. Ikintu cya mbere cyo gushakisha ni gihamya yubuziranenge. Saba ibyemezo kandi ntutindiganye kubaza inzira zabo nziza. Utanga isoko meza azishimira kukwereka uburyo bakwemeza ubuziranenge no guhuza ibyabo imyuka na gaze.

Ibikoresho no gutanga urunigi rwizewe ni ikintu gikomeye. Gutinda kohereza birashobora guhagarika umurongo. Utanga isoko ukomeye afite umurongo wa rectistique hamwe nimiyoboro isobanutse. Nk'ubwo nyiri uruganda ubwanjye, nzi uburyo bishobora kubabaza mugihe utanga isoko atitabira. Twishyize imbere itumanaho risobanutse kandi rinoze kuko tuzi gahunda zabakiriya bacu Wishingikirize kuri gaze yinganda Kugera ku gihe. Twohereje muri Amerika, Amerika y'Amajyaruguru, n'Uburayi, bityo dufite uburambe bwimbitse mu gucunga ibikoresho mpuzamahanga bigoye.

Hanyuma, shakisha umufatanyabikorwa ufite ubuhanga bwa tekiniki. Utanga isoko meza ntagurisha gusa silinderi; Barashobora gutanga inama kuri gaze nziza kubisabwa, bigufashe kunoza inzira zawe, no gutanga inkunga yo kubungabunga umutekano no gukora neza. Ibi ni ngombwa cyane kuri Ibindi byinshi bikoreshwa birimo imyuka yihariye cyangwa inzira igoye. Umufatanyabikorwa mwiza ni kwagura ikipe yawe, kugira uruhare mu ntsinzi yawe.

Nigute rusanzwe rwa gaze rukingura ubushobozi bushya mubikorwa byinganda?

Mugihe imyuka nziza ifite Porogaramu nyinshi, siyanse ya Uruvange rwa gaze Fungura isi yagutse y'ibishoboka. A imvange ya gaze ni urwenya rusobanutse rwibiri cyangwa byinshi byateguwe kugirango ugere kubisubizo runaka gaze imwe idashobora. Urugero rusanzwe ruri mu gusudira. Mugihe cyera argon ni byiza gaze, ongeraho umubare muto wa dioxyde de carbone Irashobora gukora arc ihamye hamwe na pisine ishyushye, ibidendezi byinshi byamazi, bikaviramo ubwiza bwiza kuburyo bumwe bwibyuma. Izi mvange ni ikoreshwa mu guhanaga hamwe na gaze shingiro kugirango duhuze neza inzira yo gusudira.

Izi mvange zifatika ni ingenzi hakurya inganda zitari nke. Muri inganda, imvange yihariye ya dioxyde de carbone, azote, na ogisijeni Byakoreshejwe mugukora ikirere cyuzuye cyo kubungabunga ubwoko butandukanye bwibiryo, kuva inyama zitukura kuri pasta nshya. Mu murima w'ubuvuzi, uruvange rusobanutse rwa gaze rukoreshwa muri anesthesia cyangwa ubuhumekero. Ibishoboka biratagira iherezo.

Urufunguzo kuri bose imyuka n'ivanga ni uburanga. Inzira yo kuvanga igomba kuba nziza kuburyo idasanzwe ikora nkuko byari byitezwe buri gihe. Aka ni akandi gace aho ubushobozi bwa tekiniki butanga isoko bugaragara. Ubushobozi bwo gukora buhoraho, burerire Uruvange rwa gaze ni ikimenyetso cya gaze yateye imbere. Izi mvange zerekana uburyo imyuga yemerera Kugenzurwa neza Inganda, gusunika imipaka y'ibishoboka mu gukora, siyanse, n'imiti.

ABAFATANYIJE

• Ibikoresho by'ingenzi: Imyuka y'inganda nka ogisijeni, azote, argon, na hydrogen nibyingenzi kugirango bitabarika bigezweho Inganda, kuva kumeneka ku kurira ibiryo.
• Porogaramu itwarwa n'umutungo: Ibintu byihariye bya gaze-niba byagenda kose ogisijeni cyangwa inert nka argon-Gukoresha ibyifuzo byayo, nko kuzamura urujijo cyangwa gukora nka a gaze.
• Gusudira no guhimba: Imyuka ifite uruhare rukomeye in gusudira no gukata, hamwe argon ikoreshwa nka a gaze kurinda Uwiteka weld na acetylene ikoreshwa mu gukora imisozi miremire.
• Ibibazo byiza: Kubisanzwe tekinike nka electronics cyangwa ubushakashatsi bwa siyansi, isuku imyuka yihariye kandi avanze neza Uruvange rwa gaze ni ngombwa, kandi utanga ubuziranenge butanga ubuziranenge.
• Umutekano Mbere: Gukemura umuvuduko mwinshi silinders bisaba amahugurwa akwiye, kubika neza, guhumeka neza, no gukoresha ibikoresho bikwiye, byakomereje neza kugirango umutekano.
• Hitamo Umufatanyabikorwa: Utanga gaze yizewe atanga ibirenze igiciro cyo guhatana; Batanga ubuziranenge bwemewe, ibikoresho byiringirwa, itumanaho risobanutse, nubuhanga bwa tekiniki kugirango wongere ibikorwa byawe.