Cabanga nge-Tiny Computer ye-Chips enamandla ifoni yakho, ilaptop yakho, ngisho nemoto yakho. Lawa madivayisi ayinkimbinkimbi kakhulu ayakhiwa ngokunemba okwedlulele, futhi enhliziyweni yokukhiqiza kwawo kulele ngamandla ethule kodwa abalulekile: Amagesi akhethekile. Lo mbhalo uhlola indima ebaluleke kakhulu lezi zinto zokuhlanzeka eziphakeme ze-Ultra-highs zidlala ku-semiconductor futhi Ama-Electronics izimboni, ezichaza ukuthi kungani ikhwalithi yazo ibaluleke kakhulu nokuthi zinika amandla kanjani into engekho kwezobuchwepheshe esincike kuzo nsuku zonke. Cabanga ngakho kanjena: Lawa magesi ayizithako eziyimfihlo ezenza sanamuhla Ama-Electronics kungenzeka. Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwabo kubalulekile ekuqondeni ikusasa lobuchwepheshe.

Ukubeka imininingwane: Indima ebalulekile yamagesi

Ake sihlole ngayinye yale mibuzo ngokuningiliziwe.

1. Yini eyenza igesi 'igesi ye-semiconductor "noma" igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi "?

Akubona bonke igesi kudalwe ngokulingana, ikakhulukazi uma kukhulunywa ngenqubo ebucayi ye ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor. Amagesi we-semiconductor, obeye aziwe njengo Amagesi akhethekile kagesi, unamazinga aphezulu aphezulu we ubumsulwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi cishe bahlanganiswa ngokuphelele kwencazelo igesi, ngamanani ama-minuscule wezinye izinto, ezivame ukukalwa ezingxenyeni ezithile ngebhiliyoni (PPB). -Ngafani na- Amagesi amaningi isetshenziswe kwezinye izimboni, lezi Amagesi akhethekile bahlotshiswe ngezakhiwo zabo ezithile zamakhemikhali kanye nekhono labo lokwenza imisebenzi eqondile ku into engekho ye-microtate Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi. Lezi Kusetshenziswa amagesi hhayi nje izinto ezingavuthiwe, kepha njengabahlanganyeli abasebenzayo kwinkimbinkimbi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali lokho kwakha Amadivayisi we-semiconductor.

Isimilo esichazayo se igesi ekhethekile ye-elekthronikhi kulawulwa kwayo Inqubo Yokuhlanza Amagesi. Lezi Amagesi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwegesi zivame ukuphendulwa noma itereti, kukhethwe ngokucophelela amandla abo okuthi i-etch, umncede, noma ukudala izingqimba ezithile ku silicon wafer. Isibonelo, ezinye Amagesi zisetshenziselwa ukufaka amafilimu amancanyana (imbemba), kanti ezinye zisetshenziswa ku okuthi i-etchinqubo yokususa impahla engafuneki. Le khasi -lukhuni Izidingo ze Umkhakha Wezogesi buza Ukuhlinzekwa kobumsulwa obuphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka nokusebenza kowamanqamu Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi. Ungahlola ububanzi bethu bamagesi ukuze uqonde ukwahlukahluka okutholakalayo.

2. Kungani ubumsulwa be-Ultra-high bubaluleke kangaka amagesi asetshenziswa ekwakhekeni kwe-semiconductor?

Cabanga ukuzama ukwakha i-skyscraper ngezitini ezinama-shaky - umane nje ngeke usebenze. Ngokufanayo, into engekho iwa- semiconductor Ama-chips afuna Ubumsulwa be-Ultra-High. Ngisho nokulandela amanani ukungcola ku Kusetshenzisiwe amagesi ingaba nemiphumela eyinhlekelele. Lezi ukungcola izinto, njenge umoya-mpilo kanye nomswakama, kungaphazamisa ubuthakathaka ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi ukukhiqizwa kwe-semicondector, okuholela ekulimaleni futhi ekugcineni, ukwehluleka kwe Amadivayisi we-semiconductor.

Le khasi Izinga lobumsulwa okudingekayo Amagesi e-semiconductor ekhiqizwayo Is phakathi kokuqina kakhulu emhlabeni. Sikhuluma ngaye Ubumsulwa be-Ultra-High, lapho izingxenye ngezigidigidi zezigidi ezingcolile zingalimaza. Isibonelo, ukuba khona kokungafuneki ihhashis singaguqula izakhiwo zikagesi ze anzini, ukunikela ukufa akanamsebenzi. Lokhu yingakho kumnandi ikhwalithi yokulawula futhi kuthuthukile ukuhlambululela amasu abaluleke kakhulu kunoma iyiphi umthumeli iwa- Amagesi we-semiconductor. Cabanga ngakho njengokubhaka ikhekhe - ngisho ne-Tiny kancane yesithako esingalungile singonakalisa yonke into.

3. Yimaphi amagesi ama-WorkHorses embonini ye-semiconductor?

Ngenkathi abaningi Amagesi akhethekile dlala indima, ezinye zingukusebenza okusemqoka ku Umkhakha we-semiconductor. Nitrogen isetshenziswa kakhulu njenge itereti igesi Ukwakha umoya olawulwayo, ukuvimbela okungafuneki ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Ingonona, enye itereti igesi engavamile, kubalulekile futhi ukudala lezi zindawo ezilawulwa, ikakhulukazi ngokuthwebula nokunye imbemba izinqubo. I-hydrogen udlala indima ebalulekile ekunciphiseni onside Izendlalelo kanye Njengesithwali igesi.

Ngale kwalokhu, umoya ohlanzekile isetshenziswa ezinhlelweni ze-oxidation ukudala i-silicon dioxide, izinto ezibalulekile zokufaka ezifaka amandla. I-Carbon Dioxide Thola izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile okuthi i-etchizinqubo ze-ing. Alulimoni, enye igesi engavamile, isetshenziselwa ukutholwa okuvuzayo kanye ne-cryogenic coolant. Ukuqonda izakhiwo ezithile zalowo nalowo igesi kubalulekile ukwenza kahle izigaba ezahlukahlukene ze Ukuqanjwa kwe-semiconductor. Njengamathuluzi ahlukene adingekayo emisebenzini ehlukene, ehlukile Amagesi ziyadingeka ngezinyathelo ezihlukile ekwenzeni i-chip. Ungafunda kabanzi ngekhwalithi yethu ephezulu Isilinda se-nitrogen Izinketho.

4. Isetshenziswa kanjani i-hydrogen ngokukhethekile ku-semiconductor kanye nokukhiqiza ngogesi?

I-hydrogen kuyinto eguquguqukayo igesi ngezicelo ezibucayi eziningana ngaphakathi semiconductor na- Ukukhiqiza ngogesi. Okunye kokusetshenziswa kwayo okuyinhloko kuncishisiwe kwensimbi onsides. Ngesikhathi sezigaba ezithile ze Ukuqanjwa kwe-semiconductor, okungafuneki onside izingqimba zingakha ku silicon wafer. Ubumsulwa obuphezulu i-hydrogen Izenzo njenge-ejenti encishisayo, ukuphendula nge onside ukuyikhipha bese ushiya uhlanzekile anzini ingaphezulu.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-hydrogen isetshenziswa kaningi njengomthwali igesi Kwehlukahlukene imbemba izinqubo. Kuyasiza ukuthutha okunye ukulungiswa Amagesi ku ukufa ingaphezulu ngendlela elawulwayo, qinisekisa ukukhula kwefilimu okufanayo. Ukugxila okwandayo ekusimeni nakho kuyashayela inzalo i-hydrogen eluhlaza Kulezi zicelo. Ukulawulwa okuqondile okunikezwa yi i-hydrogen Kwenza kube yithuluzi elibalulekile ekwakheni izakhiwo eziyinkimbinkimbi zama-microchips. Sinikeza okuthembekile I-hydrogen cylinder izixazululo zezidingo zakho.

5. Iyiphi indima i-nitrogen idlala ngokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi embonini ye-semiconductor?

Nitrogen kuyinto ebiquitous futhi ebalulekile igesi ku Umkhakha we-semiconductor, ngokuyinhloko ngenxa yayo itereti imvelo. Indima yayo ebalulekile ukudala nokugcina umkhathi ongenazo ezintweni ezisebenzayo ezifana umoya ohlanzekile nomswakama, ongangcolisa ababucayi Izinto ze-semicondector futhi uphazamise nge ukusabela kwamakhemikhali. Cabanga ngakho njengengubo evikelayo yenqubo yokukhiqiza.

Kuzo zonke izigaba ezahlukahlukene ze Ukuqanjwa kwe-semiconductor, kusuka ekukhuleni kwe-crystal kuya ukufa ukucubungula kanye nomhlangano, nitrogen Isetshenziselwa ukuhlanza imishini, dala izindawo zokuhlanza, futhi uvikele i-oxidation. Lokhu kusiza ukunciphisa iziphambeko futhi kuqinisekise ikhwalithi ephezulu kanye nokwethenjwa kokugcina Amadivayisi we-semiconductor. Ukulethwa okungaguquki nokuthembekile kobumsulwa obukhulu nitrogen Ngakho-ke kubaluleke kakhulu Abakhiqizi be-Semiconductor. Hlola okuhlukahlukene kwethu Nitrogen Izinketho Zokunikezela Ukuqinisekisa ukukhiqizwa kwakho kugijima kahle.

6. Kungani i-argon ivame ukuthandwa njengegesi ye-inert in semiconductor izinqubo?

Fana no nitrogen, ingonona kuyinto enhle igesi ngakho-ke ngamakhemikhali itereti, okwenza kube yisinqumo esihle kakhulu sokwakha umoya olawulwa kuwo Izinqubo ze-semiconductor. Lapho nitrogen kusetshenziswa kabanzi, ingonona inikeza izinzuzo ezithile kwizicelo ezithile. Isisindo saso esiphakeme se-athomu siqhathaniswa nitrogen kwenza kube yimpumelelo ekuvikeleni ukuguquguquka kokungafuneki ukungcola ama-athomu.

Ingonona isetshenziswa kakhulu ekushayweni, a imbemba inqubo lapho impahla eqondiwe igcwele khona ihhashis, okubangela ama-athomu ukuze akhishwe futhi afakwe njengefilimu elincanyana ku- ukufa. I-inertness yayo ivimbela ekuphenduleni ngezinto ezihlosiwe noma ifilimu ebekiwe. Ingonona isetshenziswa futhi ku-plasma okuthi i-etchizinqubo ze-ing. Thanda nitrogen, ukuhanjiswa okungaguquki kobumsulwa obukhulu ingonona kubalulekile ukuze ulondoloze ubuqotho be Inqubo Yokukhiqiza. Cabanga Ngeqiniso Isilinda segesi ye-Argon Izinketho zesikhungo sakho.

7. Ngaphesheya kwezisekelo: Yimaphi amanye amagesi akhethekile kagesi abalulekile?

Lapho i-hydrogen, nitrogen, futhi ingonona bayisisekelo, uhla lwabanye Amagesi akhethekile kagesi zibalulekile ukuthola izinhlelo ezithile ngaphakathi ukukhiqizwa kwe-semiconductor. Ifosphi ukhiye dobana umthombo wethula i-phosphorus ungene anzini, eguqula ukuqina kukagesi. Ngokufanayo, i-Arsine (equkethe i-arsenic) ne-diborane (equkethe i-boron) asetshenziswa njenge dobanas.

Alulimoni, ukukhanya igesi engavamile, isetshenziselwa ukutholwa okuvuzayo ezinhlelweni ze-vacuum kanye ne-ejenti epholile ngenxa yendawo yayo ephansi ephansi. Onkelayo-Kukhona Amagesi, njenge-sulfur hexafluoride, asetshenziswa ku-plasma okuthi i-etchngenxa yekhono labo lokuzikhethela izinto zokwakha. Inhlanganisela ethile ye Amagesi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwegesi isetshenziswe incike kulokho okunembile Izinqubo ze-semiconductor abathintekayo. Sinikeza kakhulu ububanzi bamagesi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zokwakha ezahlukahlukene.

8. Iziphi izindlela eziqinile eziqinisekisa ubumsulwa obuphezulu bamagesi ama-semiconductor?

Ukugcina Ubumsulwa obuphezulu be-Ultra iwa- Amagesi we-semiconductor idinga indlela ebekelwe i-multi -lukhuni Kukala ngaso sonke isigaba, kusuka ekukhiqizweni kuya ekulethweni. Ukuhlambululela Izinqubo zifaka amasu athuthukile afana ne-distillation, ama-adsorption, kanye nokwehlukaniswa kukalwelwesi ukususa amanani alandelwayo ukungcola. -Enziwe ngobuhlakani ukuhlaqelelakusetshenziselwa ukuqapha ngokuqhubekayo Ubumsulwa begesi.

Isilindaisetshenziselwa ukugcina nokuhambisa lezi Amagesi Hlanganisa nokuhlanza okuqinile nokuhlola ukuvikela ukungcoliswa. UmthumeliKulomkhakha kufanele kunamathelise phezulu kakhulu ikhwalithi yokulawula Izindinganiso futhi zivame ukubamba izitifiketi ezibonisa amandla azo okuhlangabezana nalezi zidingo ezifunwayo. Lonke ukuhlinzekwa kwezidingo kwenzelwe ukunciphisa ubungozi bokwethula noma yini ukungcola kulezi zinto ezibucayi. Imboni yethu enezintambo ezi-7 zokukhiqiza iqinisekisa amazinga aphezulu obumsulwa.

9. Ukungcola kumagesi we-semiconductor kuthinta umkhiqizo wokugcina we-elekthronikhi?

Umthelela wokunciphisa amanani we-minuscule ukungcola phakathi kwa- Amagesi we-semiconductor ingaba abalulekile, okuholela ekulimaleni nasekunciphiseni ukusebenza ekugcineni Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi. Ukungcola kungaphazamisa ubucayi ukusabela kwamakhemikhali ngesikhathi imbemba na- okuthi i-etching, okuholela ezingxenyeni ezingezona ezifanayo noma ezi-etching ezingafuneki. Ukungcola ama-athomu nawo angafakwa ku anzini latiki, ukuguqula izakhiwo zayo zikagesi futhi kungadala ukwehluleka kwamadivayisi.

Ekugcineni, ukungcola inganciphisa isivuno sokusebenza Amadivayisi we-semiconductor, khulisa izindleko zokukhiqiza, futhi uyekelele ukuthembeka kokugcina Ama-Electronics. Yingakho Umkhakha we-semiconductor kubeka ukugcizelelwa okunamandla kangaka ku- Ubumsulwa begesi futhi usebenza eduze umthumelis angaqinisekisa okudingekayo Ubumsulwa be-Ultra-High. Cabanga ngocezu olulodwa lothuli lonakalisa umjikelezo omncane kakhulu - leso silinganiso senselelo.

10. Ubheke phambili: Yikuphi ukuthambekela kwesikhathi esizayo ngamagesi we-semiconductor kanye ne-elekthronikhi?

Le khasi Umkhakha we-semiconductor uhlala evela njalo, futhi izimfuno Amagesi we-semiconductor bayashintsha nalo. Amathrendi afaka isidingo esandayo sokuphakeme kakhulu amagesi amsulwa Njengoba ubukhulu besici kuma-chips buhlanza. Kukhona nokugxila okukhulayo ekuthuthukiseni okusha Amagesi akhethekile na- Amagesi nokuxutshwa Ngezakhiwo ezithuthukisiwe zamasu okukhiqiza athuthukile.

Ukuqina kungomunye umshayeli osemqoka, ngokukhulisa inzalo ekwandiseni i-hydrogen eluhlaza kanye nokunye okunobungane kwemvelo Amagesi. Ukuthuthukiswa kokuthuthukile ukuhlaqelela ubuchwepheshe bokuthola ngisho namazinga aphansi we ukungcola nayo izoba nzima. Ikusasa le Ama-Electronics ixhumeke ngokungalingani nentuthuko ekukhiqizweni nasekuphatheni kwalokhu okubalulekile Amagesi.

I-Key Takeaways: Ukubaluleka kwamagesi ama-semiconductor

• Amagesi akhethekile ne- Ubumsulwa be-Ultra-High zibalulekile I-semiconductor kanye ne-elekthronikhi yokukhiqiza.
• Ngisho nokulandela amanani ukungcola ingathinta kakhulu ikhwalithi nokwethenjwa kwe Amadivayisi we-elekthronikhi.
• Nitrogen na- ingonona zibalulekile ukudala itereti Amverosheres, ngenkathi i-hydrogen ibalulekile ekunciphiseni kwezicelo zenethiwekhi.
• Uhla lwabanye Amagesi akhethekile kagesi, njenge ifosphi na- alulimoni, asetshenziselwa izinqubo ezithile.
• Izindlela eziqinile zisendaweni yokuqinisekisa ubumsulwa obuphezulu yalokhu Amagesi Kuwo wonke amaketanga.
• Ikusasa le Umkhakha Wezogesi kuya ngokuqhubekayo okusha ku igesi ye-semiconductor ubuchwepheshe.

Okwethembekile Ukuhlinzekwa kobumsulwa obuphezulu amagesi wezimboni, kufaka phakathi nitrogen, ingonona, futhi i-hydrogen, Xhumana nathi eHuazhong Gas. Ungahlola neminikelo yethu ye Izinga lokushisa eliphansi elifakwe i-gas cylinder nobubanzi bethu be Isilinda segesi ye-Argon.