Kuyenda m'dziko la mpweya wa mafakitale ndi zamankhwala kungamve kukhala kovuta. Monga mwini bizinesi kapena woyang'anira zogula zinthu, mumafunikira zambiri kuposa chinthu chokha; mufunika mnzanu amene amaonetsetsa khalidwe, kudalirika, ndi kulankhula momveka bwino. Mukuyang'ana a wopereka gasi amene amamvetsa kuti kutumiza mochedwa kungayimitse mzere wanu wopanga ndipo khalidwe lokayikitsa likhoza kuwononga mbiri yanu. Nkhaniyi ndi kalozera wanu wathunthu wopanga chisankho chofunikirachi. Tizama mwatsatanetsatane kusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya gasi, momwe mungatsimikizire ziyeneretso za ogulitsa, ndi zomwe muyenera kuyang'ana mumgwirizano wanthawi yayitali, wodalirika. Ngati mwatopa ndi mipata yolumikizirana ndipo mukufuna kuti mukhale opanda msoko gasi chain, mwafika pamalo oyenera.

Kodi Kusiyana Kweniyeni Pakati pa Gasi Wamankhwala ndi Gasi Wamafakitale Ndi Chiyani?

Poyamba, a yamphamvu mpweya wa okosijeni ukhoza kuwoneka chimodzimodzi kaya ukupita kuchipatala kapena kusitolo yowotcherera. Komabe, kusiyana kwake ndi kwakukulu komanso kofunikira. Ganizirani izi motere: mabwalo onse ndi makona anayi, koma simakona onse okhala ndi makona anayi. Mofananamo, gasi wamankhwala Iyenera kukwaniritsa miyezo yokhwima kwambiri kuposa yamakampani ake. Kusiyanitsa koyambirira kwagona pakuwongolera, chiyero, ndi kutsata.

Gasi wamankhwala imayikidwa mwalamulo ngati mankhwala ndi mabungwe olamulira monga FDA ku United States. Izi zikutanthauza kupanga kwake, kuyika, ndi kutumiza akuyenera kutsata machitidwe okhwima a Current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP). Gulu lililonse la kalasi yachipatala gasi amayesedwa mwamphamvu kuti atsimikizire kuti alibe zowononga komanso akukumana ndi chiyero chapadera. Mwachitsanzo, a mankhwala okosijeni ayenera kukhala 99.0% oyera kapena apamwamba, okhala ndi malire osamalitsa pa zonyansa monga carbon monoxide ndi mpweya woipa. Njira yonse yosungiramo anthu imatsatiridwa, kuyambira pakupanga mpaka wodwala, kuwonetsetsa kuti pachitika zovuta zilizonse. Ichi ndi chofunikira chosakambitsirana kwa onse othandizira azaumoyo.

Gasi wa mafakitale, Komano, amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita malonda monga kuwotcherera, kudula, ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mankhwala. Ngakhale khalidwe likadali lofunika, bala yolamulira ndi yosiyana. An mafakitale gasi ogulitsa imayang'ana pakupereka mpweya womwe umakwaniritsa zofunikira za ntchito inayake, monga kusakaniza kwa argon-CO2 weld zitsulo bwino. Chiyerocho chikhoza kukhala chokwera, koma mpweya sunadutse mulingo womwewo wa zolemba ndi kutsimikizika kwa batch-ndi-batch komwe kumafunikira kuti anthu azigwiritsa ntchito. Simungagwiritse ntchito mafakitale yamphamvu m'chipatala, koma nthawi zambiri mungagwiritse ntchito a gasi wamankhwala silinda m'mafakitale, ngakhale ingakhale yotsika mtengo.

Chifukwa Chiyani Kuyera Kwambiri Ndikofunikira Kwambiri Pazogwiritsa Ntchito Zachipatala ndi Zamakampani?

Ungwiro si nambala chabe pa satifiketi; ndiye maziko a magwiridwe antchito ndi chitetezo. Za ku makampani azachipatala, chifukwa chake ndi chodziwikiratu: chitetezo cha odwala. Zonyansa mu a gasi wamankhwala zitha kuyambitsa zoyipa kapena kukhala poizoni. Tangoganizirani zotsatira za kupereka mpweya wa okosijeni ngakhale pang'ono pang'onopang'ono za zowononga zovulaza kwa wodwala yemwe ali pachiopsezo. Chifukwa chake a gasi wodalirika wamankhwala wopereka ayenera kutsimikizira chiyero chapamwamba milingo, kuwapanga kukhala mwala wapangodya wawo mayankho a gasi azaumoyo. Kudzipereka kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti gasiyo ndi yothandiza pa cholinga chake chochizira popanda kuyambitsa zoopsa zatsopano.

M'dziko la ntchito mafakitale, ukhondo ndi wofunika mofanana, ngakhale pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana. Zimakhudza mwachindunji ubwino wa mapeto.

• Mu kuwotcherera ndi kupanga: Kugwiritsira ntchito gasi wotetezedwa kungayambitse kufooka ndi porous weld, kusokoneza kukhulupirika kwapangidwe kwa chinthu chomaliza. Zowonongeka zimatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi chitsulo chosungunuka, kupanga zolakwika zomwe zimakhala zokwera mtengo kapena zosatheka kuzikonza.
• Pamakampani azamagetsi: Kupanga ma semiconductors kumafunikira kwambiri mpweya wangwiro. Ngakhale zinyalala za mabiliyoni aliwonse zimatha kuwononga gulu lonse la ma microchips, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri awonongeke.
• Mu labotale: Ofufuza amadalira mpweya wabwino kwambiri monga chonyamulira kapena kuti calibration. Zonyansa zikanapotoza zotulukapo ndi kulepheretsa zoyeserera, kuwononga nthawi ndi chuma.

Kaya mpweya wodwala kapena wangwiro weld,a kupereka kosasintha za mpweya wabwino kwambiri kuchokera kwa wolemekezeka wogulitsa ndizofunikira. Zimalepheretsa kuipitsidwa, zimatsimikizira kukhazikika kwa ndondomeko, ndikutsimikizira zotsatira zomwe mukufuna.

Kodi Mungatsimikizire Motani Chitsimikizo cha Wopereka Gasi ndikupewa Chinyengo?

Izi ndizovuta kwambiri kwa maofesala ambiri ogula zinthu, ndipo motero. Monga munthu yemwe amayendetsa fakitale yokhala ndi mizere isanu ndi iwiri yopanga, ndawona momwe kudalira kulili kofunikira mubizinesi iyi. Chinyengo cha satifiketi ndi chiwopsezo chenicheni, koma mutha kudziteteza ndi kusamala. Osangotenga mawu a wogulitsa malonda; funsani umboni ndi kudziwa zoyenera kuyang'ana.

Choyamba, pemphani ma certification awo apakati pa kasamalidwe kaubwino. Chofunikira kwambiri ndi ISO 9001, zomwe zikuwonetsa kuti wogulitsa ali ndi dongosolo lamphamvu loyendetsera bwino lomwe. Za a mankhwala gasi katundu, muyenera kuyang'ananso ziphaso zotsimikizika pazida zamankhwala, monga ISO 13485. Osangoyang'ana pa satifiketi; tsimikizirani zowona. Mutha kuchita izi poyang'ana kaundula wapaintaneti wa gulu lomwe likupereka. Wovomerezeka wogulitsa zidzakhala zowonekera komanso zokondwa kukuthandizani ndi njirayi.

Chachiwiri, nthawi zonse muzifuna Satifiketi Yowunika (CoA) kwa aliyense kutumiza. Chikalatachi si pepala lazamalonda; ndi lipoti latsatanetsatane lomwe likuwonetsa momwe akupangidwira komanso chiyero cha gulu la gasi lanu yamphamvu kapena tank. Lembani nambala ya batch pa CoA ndi nambala yomwe ili pa yamphamvu yokha. Fakitale yodalirika imapereka izi zokha. Ngati a wogulitsa amazengereza kupereka batch-specific CoA, iwonani ngati mbendera yofiira yayikulu. Mulingo uwu wa zolembedwa ndi mchitidwe wokhazikika kwa ife chifukwa ndi umboni weniweni wa zomwe timalonjeza.

Kodi Muyenera Kuyang'ana Chiyani Pakupanga ndi Kutumiza Kwa Wopereka?

Mtengo waukulu ulibe tanthauzo ngati mankhwala safika pa nthawi yake. Monga wogulitsa, mbiri yanu imadalira luso lanu lopereka a kupereka odalirika kwa makasitomala anu. Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyang'anitsitsa zomwe zingatheke wogulitsa gasi kupanga ndi kutumiza zomangamanga. Webusaiti yonyezimira siyingapange msana wofooka wogwirira ntchito.

Yambani ndikufunsa za mphamvu zawo zopangira. Ali ndi mizere ingati yopangira? Kodi ma gasi ofunikira amakhala otani nayitrogeni ndi carbon dioxide? Fakitale yokhala ndi mizere ingapo yopanga, monga yathu, ilinso ndi ntchito zambiri. Ngati mzere umodzi watsala pang'ono kukonzedwa, titha kusintha zopanga kukhala zina, kupewa kusokoneza kopereka. Izi zimatsimikizira a kupereka kosasintha ngakhale panthawi yofunikira kwambiri. Komanso, funsani za kuthekera kwawo kosungirako. Kodi ali ndi akasinja lalikulu yosungirako mpweya wambiri ndi kuwerengetsa kolinganizidwa bwino kwa masilindala? Ichi ndi chizindikiro chabwino cha kuthekera kwawo kuthana ndi madongosolo akuluakulu komanso achangu.

Kenako, yang'anani ukatswiri wawo waukadaulo ndi network network. A zabwino wogulitsa ayenera kupereka kusinthasintha kutumiza gasi options, kuchokera pa masilindala pawokha cryogenic matanki amadzimadzi. Afunseni za zomwe adakumana nazo potumiza kudziko lanu. Iwo ayenera kudziwa za:

• Kuyika: Kuwonetsetsa kuti masilinda ali otetezedwa bwino komanso otetezedwa kuti azinyamula panyanja.
• Zolemba: Kusamalira zonse zofunikira zotumiza kunja ndi zolemba zamakalata moyenera.
• Logistics Partners: Kugwira ntchito ndi otumiza katundu odalirika.

A proactive wogulitsa idzapereka zambiri zolondolera ndikulumikizana ndi zosintha panthawi yonse yotumizira, kukupatsani mtendere wamumtima ndikukulolani kuyang'anira zomwe makasitomala anu amayembekezera bwino.

Kodi Kuphatikizika Kwama Gasi Achizolowezi ndi Mayankho Apadera Agasi Ndiabwino Pa Bizinesi Yanga?

Pomwe mipweya yokhazikika ngati mpweya ndi nayitrogeni imapanga kuchuluka kwa msika, kupereka kusakanikirana kwa gasi ndi gasi wapadera akhoza kukhala wosiyanitsa wamphamvu pabizinesi yanu. Zimasonyeza kuti mukhoza kupereka mayankho ogwirizana kupitirira zofunikira, kupereka kwa makasitomala omwe ali ndi zosowa zenizeni. Mutha kudabwa ndi kuchuluka kwa mafakitale omwe amadalira zenizeni zosakaniza gasi.

Mwachitsanzo, a kuwotcherera ndi kupanga zitsulo mafakitale ndi ogula kwambiri mpweya wosakanikirana. Kusakaniza kosavuta kwa argon ndi mpweya woipa ndi imodzi mwazofala kwambiri kuwotcherera mpweya amakonda ku chishango dziwe la weld mu kuwotcherera kwa MIG. Maperesenti osiyanasiyana amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana komanso makulidwe. Popereka izi些 gasi amasakaniza, mutha kugulitsa masitolo ambiri opanga zinthu. Mofananamo, a chakudya ndi chakumwa mafakitale amagwiritsa ntchito zenizeni mpweya ndi gasi osakaniza zopangira ma modified atmosphere (MAP) kuti awonjezere moyo wa alumali wazinthu monga saladi, nyama, ndi khofi.

Monga wogulitsa, kuwonjezera wapadera mpweya ndi zipangizo ku mbiri yanu kumakupatsani mwayi wolowa m'misika yotsika kwambiri. Izi zikuphatikizapo mpweya wa laser kwa makina odulira, chiyero chapamwamba helium kwa makina a MRI mu zipatala, ndi calibration zosakaniza gasi zowunikira zachilengedwe. Kulumikizana ndi a wogulitsa amene angathe kupanga izi mpweya wapadera pakufunika kumakupatsani mwayi wokhala malo ogulitsira amodzi kwa makasitomala anu, kukulitsa kukhulupirika kwawo ndi phindu lanu. Nthawi zambiri timagwira ntchito ndi makasitomala kuti tikule kusakanikirana kwa gasi kwa iwo okha ntchito mafakitale.

Kodi Zomwe Zili Zofunika Kwambiri pa Chitetezo cha Silinda ya Gasi ndi Kusamalira?

Chitetezo ndichofunika kwambiri pamakampani opanga gasi. Ngozi yokhudzana ndi kuthamanga kwambiri yamphamvu akhoza kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoipa. A udindo wopereka gasi imayika chitetezo patsogolo osati pamalo awo okha komanso popatsa makasitomala zida zotetezeka, zovomerezeka komanso chidziwitso chothana nazo. Ichi ndi gawo lalikulu la mtengo womwe amapereka.

Mukalandira katundu, chinthu choyamba muyenera kuyendera ndi yamphamvu yokha. Yang'anani:

• Masiku Ovomerezeka: Aliyense yamphamvu ayenera kuyesedwa hydrostatically nthawi ndi nthawi (nthawi zambiri zaka 5 kapena 10 zilizonse). Tsiku loyesedwa liyenera kusindikizidwa pamapewa a silinda. Osavomereza silinda yachikale.
• Mavavu Oyenera: Valavu iyenera kukhala mtundu woyenera wa gasi ndikutetezedwa ndi kapu yolimba panthawi yoyendetsa.
• Chotsani Zolemba: Silinda iyenera kulembedwa momveka bwino ndi dzina la gasi komanso machenjezo okhudzana ndi ngozi.

Kupitilira zida, anu wogulitsa akuyenera kupereka chitsogozo pa kusunga ndi kusamalira bwino. Izi zikuphatikizapo kusunga masilinda oongoka m'malo olowera mpweya wabwino, kuwateteza kuti asagwe, komanso kulekanitsa masilindala odzaza ndi opanda kanthu. Kupereka mtundu uwu othandizira ukadaulo zikuwonetsa kuti wogulitsa ndi bwenzi lenileni amene padera pa chitetezo chanu ndi bwino, osati malonda transactions. Kudzipereka kwathu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti aliyense Mpweya wa carbon dioxide timatumiza timakumana ndi miyezo yapamwamba kwambiri yachitetezo padziko lonse lapansi.

Kodi Chain Direct-from-Factory Supply Supply Chain Imapindula Bwanji ndi Wogulitsa?

Monga mwini bizinesi ngati Mark Shen, mumamvetsetsa malire. Mkhalapakati aliyense mu chain chain amadula, zomwe zimakweza mtengo wanu wogula kapena kuchepetsa phindu lanu. Pogwirizana mwachindunji ndi fakitale, mumachotsa zigawo zowonjezerazo. Uwu ndiye mwayi waukulu kwambiri kwa ogulitsa omwe akufuna mitengo yampikisano.

Mukamagwira ntchito ndi kampani yamalonda, nthawi zambiri mumalankhula ndi wogulitsa yemwe sanayambepopopopopo popanga zinthu. Amatumiza zidziwitso mmbuyo ndi mtsogolo, zomwe zitha kubweretsa kulephera kwa kulumikizana komwe mwakumana nako. Mukamagwira ntchito mwachindunji ndi fakitale ngati Huazhong Gas, mumalumikizana ndi gwero. Gulu langa ndi ine timadziwa ndandanda zathu zopangira, kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe timapeza, komanso luso lathu lokonzekera. Njira yolankhulirana yolunjika iyi imatsogolera ku mayankho ofulumira, chidziwitso cholondola, komanso kuthekera kwakukulu kothana ndi mavuto mwachangu.

Kuphatikiza apo, kugula fakitale mwachindunji kumakupatsani mphamvu zowongolera bwino. Mutha kuyang'anira ziphaso zafakitale, kupempha kuyezetsa kwa batch, komanso kukonza zowunikira munthu wina pamalowo musanatumize. Kuwonekera kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumatayika pochita ndi oyimira pakati. Kwa ogula omwe ali ndi khalidwe labwino, kuyang'anitsitsa kwachindunji ndikofunika kwambiri. Zimakuthandizani kupewa kuopsa kwa ziphaso zabodza ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mumapeza zomwe mudalipira, ndikupanga chidaliro chomwe chili chofunikira kwambiri paubwenzi wanthawi yayitali wabizinesi.

Ndi Mafunso Otani Ofunikira Omwe Muyenera Kumufunsa Wothandizira Gasi Wamafakitale?

Kaya mukukumana ndi kuthekera wogulitsa pachiwonetsero kapena muwapeze kudzera mukusaka kwa Google, kukhala ndi mndandanda wa mafunso omwe akufunsidwa ndikofunikira. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti muchepetse kutsatsa kwamalonda ndikufika pachimake cha kuthekera kwawo. Zimakulolani inu, wogula, kutsogolera zokambiranazo motsimikiza.

Nayi mndandanda wa mafunso omwe ndikupangira kuti aliyense wogula zinthu azifunsa:

Za Kupanga & Ubwino:

• "Kodi mungandiyendetse mumayendedwe anu owongolera, kuyambira pakudya mpaka kumapeto yamphamvu kudzaza?"
• "Kodi mphamvu yanu yopangira mipweya yomwe ndimakonda ndi yotani? Silinda ya okosijeni ndi Nayitrogeni?"
• "Kodi munganditumizireko kopi ya satifiketi yanu ya ISO 9001 ndi chitsanzo cha Satifiketi Yowunika kuti ndikawunikenso?"
• "Kodi umapanga zako mpweya ndi zipangizo, kapena mumapeza zinthu zina m'mafakitale ena?"

Za Logistics & Kudalirika:

• "Kodi nthawi yanu yotsogolera ndi yotani kuti dongosolo la kukula kwanga litumizidwe ku USA?"
• "Kodi mungagawireko phunziro lachidziwitso kapena zofotokozera za kasitomala amene munagwira naye ntchito ku North America?"
• "Mukuchita bwanji ndi luso kusokoneza kopereka kapena kuchedwa kutumiza? Kodi njira yolumikizirana ndi chiyani?"
• "Malipiro anu ndi otani ndipo mumapereka kusinthasintha kotani?"

Kufunsa mafunsowa kukuwonetsani kuti ndinu ogula odziwa zambiri ndipo kumakuthandizani kufananiza ogulitsa ngati Messer, Linde, kapena fakitale yolunjika pamlingo wofanana. Mayankho awo adzawulula zambiri za ukatswiri wawo, kuwonekera, komanso ngati ali bwenzi loyenera kwa inu.

Kumvetsetsa Logistics: Mungawonetse Bwanji Kutumiza Gasi Panthawi yake?

Monga mwini fakitale yemwe amatumiza kunja padziko lonse lapansi, ndikuuzeni kuti kuchita bwino kutumiza ndi sayansi. Kuchedwa kwa kutumiza ndi vuto lalikulu, ndipo nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku kusakonzekera bwino ndi kulumikizana. A moonadi odalirika mafakitale gasi ogulitsa ayenera kukhala katswiri wa Logistics.

Ntchitoyi imayamba kale sitimayo isanachoke padoko. A zabwino wogulitsa adzagwira nanu kuti akhazikitse mawu omveka bwino (Incoterms) kuyambira pachiyambi, kuti aliyense amvetsetse yemwe ali ndi udindo pagawo lililonse laulendo. Adzakonza zolembedwa zonse zotumiza kunja mosamalitsa kuletsa kuchedwa kwa kasitomu. Kulakwitsa kumodzi pa fomu kumatha kusiya katundu wanu kukhala padoko kwa milungu ingapo. Tili ndi gulu lodzipereka lomwe ntchito yake ndikuwonetsetsa kuti 't' iliyonse yadutsa ndipo 'i' aliyense ali ndi madontho pamapepala.

Kulankhulana mwachidwi ndi theka lina la equation. Simukuyenera kuthamangitsa wanu wogulitsa zosintha. Katswiri wothandizana naye amakupatsirani dzina lachombo, nambala yachidebe, ndi chidziwitso chotsatira mukangotumiza. Adzawunika momwe katundu akuyendera ndikukuchenjezani za kuchedwa kulikonse, monga kuchulukana kwa madoko kapena nyengo yoipa. Kuwonekera uku kumakupatsani mwayi wowongolera zomwe mwalemba ndipo, koposa zonse, kulumikizana molondola ndi makasitomala anu, kupewa malonjezo osweka ndikuteteza ubale wanu wamabizinesi. Pa nthawi yake kuperekedwa kwa gasi wamankhwala si zinthu zapamwamba; iwo ndi chigawo chofunikira cha njira za gasi timapereka.

Kupitilira Pazogulitsazo: Chifukwa Chiyani Kuthandizira Ukatswiri ndi Kuyankhulana Ndi Zosintha Masewera?

Mutha kugula mpweya wa kalasi kuchokera kumadera ambiri, koma zomwe zimalekanitsa ndi zokwanira wogulitsa kuchokera kwa mnzanu wamkulu ndi chithandizo ndi kulankhulana komwe kumazungulira mankhwala. Monga mwini bizinesi wokonda malonda, mumadziwa kufunikira kwa ntchito yabwino, koma mulibe nthawi yoti mukhale ndi zambiri zaukadaulo kapena kuthamangitsa ogulitsa omwe salabadira.

Apa ndipamene malo odzipatulira komanso odziwa zambiri okhudzana nawo ndi ofunika kwambiri. Mukufunikira mnzanu amene amalankhula chinenero chanu - chinenero cha bizinesi - koma amene angathenso kumasulira zosowa zanu ku gulu lawo laukadaulo. Mukakhala ndi funso lokhudza zabwino kusakaniza gasi pa ntchito ya kasitomala watsopano kapena mukufuna thandizo pothetsa a machitidwe gasi mukufunika yankho lachangu komanso lolondola. Kulankhulana kosakwanira sikungokhumudwitsa; ndi ndalama zobisika zomwe zimawononga nthawi ndi mphamvu zanu.

Ndapanga gulu langa kuti likhale lomvera komanso lokhazikika pamayankho. Timadziwa kuti ntchito yathu si kugulitsa kokha mankhwala gasi; ndikupangitsa ntchito zamakasitomala athu kukhala zosavuta.

"Monga nthawi zonse ndimauza anzanga kuti, 'Achedwa kutumiza si gasi wochedwa chabe; ndi lonjezo losweka lomwe limayimitsa ntchito yanu yonse.' Timaona kuti lonjezo limeneli ndi lofunika kwambiri.

Filosofi iyi imayambira pa mawu oyamba mpaka kugulitsa pambuyo pake othandizira ukadaulo. Mgwirizano wamphamvu umamangidwa pa maziko awa a kukhulupirirana, kulankhulana, ndi kulemekezana. Imasintha ubalewu kuchoka pamalonda osavuta kukhala mgwirizano wanzeru womwe umathandizira mabizinesi onse kukula. Mukapeza a wogulitsa amene amaikapo izi, mwapeza bwenzi kwa nthawi yaitali.

Zofunika Kwambiri Posankha Wopatsira Gasi Wanu

• Dziwani Kusiyana kwake: Mvetserani kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa malamulo, chiyero, ndi traceability gasi wamankhwala ndi gasi wa mafakitale.
• Tsimikizirani Chilichonse: Nthawi zonse funani ndikutsimikizira ziphaso monga ISO 9001 ndikuumirira pa satifiketi yowunikira (CoA) ndi chilichonse. kutumiza.
• Yesani Injini: Yang'anani kupyola mtengo kuti muwunikire kuchuluka kwa ogulitsa ndi ukatswiri wamachitidwe kuti muwonetsetse a kupereka odalirika.
• Pitani ku Factory-Direct: Kugwirizana mwachindunji ndi fakitale kumachepetsa oyimira pakati, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitengo yabwino, kulumikizana mwachindunji, komanso kuwongolera bwino kwambiri.
• Funsani Mafunso Ovuta: Gwiritsani ntchito mndandanda wa mafunso okhudzana ndi khalidwe, kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, ndi ntchito kuti muone bwino omwe angakhale ogulitsa.
• Yang'anani Kulumikizana Kwambiri: Sankhani bwenzi lomwe limapereka kulankhulana momasuka, mwachidwi komanso mwamphamvu othandizira ukadaulo. Izi ndizofunikanso monga mankhwala omwewo.