M'dziko laukadaulo wamakono, a semiconductor ndi mfumu. Tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'ono tating'onoting'ono timayendetsa chilichonse kuyambira mafoni athu mpaka pamagalimoto athu komanso malo opangira data omwe amayendera intaneti. Koma ndi chiyani chomwe chimapangitsa kupanga tchipisi izi? Yankho, modabwitsa, ndilo gasi. Osati aliyense gasi,koma mpweya wabwino kwambiri waukhondo wosayerekezeka. Monga Allen, mwini fakitale yokhala ndi mizere isanu ndi iwiri yopangira mpweya wa mafakitale, ndadzionera ndekha momwe kufunikira kwa chiyero kwakwera kwambiri. Nkhaniyi ndi ya atsogoleri amalonda ngati Mark Shen, omwe ali patsogolo pa gasi magulidwe akatundu. Mukumvetsa khalidwe ndi mtengo, koma moona kutsogolera mu msika, muyenera kumvetsa chifukwa. Tidzasokoneza dziko lovuta la kupanga semiconductor, kufotokoza m’mawu osavuta chifukwa chake munthu mmodzi asochera chidutswa mu a gasi mtsinje ungawononge fakitale mamiliyoni. Ili ndiye kalozera wanu wolankhula chilankhulo cha makampani a semiconductor ndi kukhala bwenzi lofunika.

Kodi Gasi Amagwira Ntchito Yanji Popanga Semiconductor Chip?

M'malo mwake, kupanga semiconductor ndi njira yomanga mabwalo amagetsi ang'onoang'ono, okhala ndi mitundu ingapo pa disc yopyapyala ya silicon, wotchedwa a mtanda. Tangoganizani kuti mukuyesera kumanga nyumba yosanja yofanana ndi sitampu yotumizira, yokhala ndi zipinda mabiliyoni ambiri ndi makonde. Ndiwo sikelo yomwe tikukamba. Kuti muchite izi, simungagwiritse ntchito zida zakuthupi. M'malo mwake, zonse kupanga ndondomeko zimadalira mndandanda wa zochitika zenizeni za mankhwala, ndipo galimoto yoyamba yochitira izi ndi gasi.

Mipweya imakhala ngati manja osawoneka omwe amamanga mabwalowa. Amagwira ntchito zingapo zovuta. Ena, monga nayitrogeni, pangani malo audongo ndi okhazikika, kuteteza zochita zosafunikira. Zina, zomwe zimadziwika kuti ma process gases, ndizo zomangira zenizeni kapena zida zosema. Mwachitsanzo, yeniyeni mtundu wa gasi angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyika wosanjikiza wosanjikiza wa zinthu conductive, pamene wina gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndendende etch kutali zinthu kupanga njira yozungulira. Gawo lililonse, kuyambira pakuyeretsa mtanda kumanga omaliza transistors, kumaphatikizapo yeniyeni gasi kapena kusakaniza kwa mpweya. Kulondola kwa kuyenda kwa gasi ndi mankhwala ake zikuchokera mwachindunji limati kupambana kwa kupanga chip ndondomeko.

Chifukwa Chiyani Purity Ndi Yofunika Kwambiri Pakupanga Semiconductor?

M'moyo wathu watsiku ndi tsiku, fumbi pang'ono kapena kuipitsa mpweya palibe vuto. Koma mkati a semiconductor chopangira zinthu, kapena "chovala," ndi tsoka. Zida zomwe zikumangidwa pa a silicon mtanda kaŵirikaŵiri amapimidwa ndi ma nanometer—umenewu ndi magawo mabiliyoni a mita. Kuti timvetse zimenezi, tsitsi limodzi la munthu limakhala lalikulu ma nanometer 75,000. Kafumbi kakang'ono chidutswa sungathe kuwona kuti ndi mwala waukulu kwambiri padziko lapansi semiconductor kupanga.

Ichi ndi chifukwa chake chiyero ndi khalidwe limodzi lofunika kwambiri la mpweya amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu semiconductor kupanga. Molekyu iliyonse yosafunidwa—kaya ndi molekyulu yamadzi yosokera, chitsulo chaching’ono chidutswa, kapena zosiyana gasi molekyu - imatengedwa kuti ndi chidetso. Izi kuipitsidwa akhoza kusokoneza kwathunthu wosakhwima mankhwala anachita zikuchitika pa mtandapamwamba. Mmodzi chidetso imatha kuletsa dera kuti lisapangidwe, kuyambitsa dera lalifupi, kapena kusintha mawonekedwe mphamvu zamagetsi za semiconductor zakuthupi. Chifukwa chimodzi mtanda ikhoza kukhala ndi mazana kapena masauzande a tchipisi tawokha, cholakwika chimodzi chaching'ono chikhoza kubweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwachuma. Ndondomeko yonseyi ikufuna chiyero chapamwamba kwambiri kugwira ntchito konse.

Kodi Zonyansa mu Gasi Zimasokoneza Semiconductor Production?

Pamene an chidetso alipo mu ndondomeko gasi, zingayambitse " wakupha chilema." Ichi si cholakwika chaching'ono chabe; ndi chilema zomwe zimamasulira microchip yonse pagawo la mtanda zopanda ntchito. Tiyeni tione mmene izi zimachitikira. Pa nthawi ya kuika gawo, kumene mafilimu woonda akumangidwa wosanjikiza ndi wosanjikiza, wosafunika chidutswa akhoza kutera pamwamba. Chigawo chotsatiracho chikayikidwa pamwamba, chimapanga phokoso laling'ono kapena lopanda kanthu. Cholakwika ichi chikhoza kusokoneza kugwirizana kwa magetsi kapena kupanga chosakonzekera, kuwononga bwino transistor yomwe ikumangidwa.

Zotsatira za izi ndizowononga kwambiri pamfundo ya fab. Metric yoyambira bwino mu a semiconductor fab ndi "zokolola" -peresenti ya tchipisi togwirira ntchito zopangidwa kuchokera ku imodzi mtanda. Ngakhale kutsika pang'ono Zotuluka, kuchokera ku 95% mpaka 90%, akhoza kuimira mamiliyoni a madola mu ndalama zotayika. Zonyansa za gasi ndi chifukwa mwachindunji kuchepetsa Zotuluka. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake opanga semiconductor amatengeka nazo chiyero cha gasi. Iwo ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti gasi kulowetsa zida zawo za madola mabiliyoni ambiri ndikopanda chilichonse choipitsa izo zikhoza kusokoneza njira yopangira semiconductor. Ndi masewera olondola kwambiri pomwe palibe malo olakwika.

Kodi Magesi Ofunika Kwambiri Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Pakupanga Semiconductor Ndi Chiyani?

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya gasi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani a semiconductor ndi zazikulu, koma zimagawika m'magulu awiri: mpweya wochuluka ndi mpweya wapadera.

• Mipweya Yochuluka: Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka kwambiri ndipo zimapanga maziko a malo opangira zinthu.

  • Nayitrogeni (N₂): Uyu ndiye kavalo wantchito. Zokwera kwambiri chiyero Nayitrogeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga "atmosphere" ya inert mkati mwa zida zopangira. Izi zimatulutsa mpweya, chinyezi, ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono, kuteteza okosijeni osafunikira kapena kuipitsidwa cha mtanda.
  • haidrojeni (H₂): Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi mpweya wina, haidrojeni ndikofunikira ndithu kuika njira ndi popanga malo enieni amthupi omwe amafunikira kuti amange ma transistor.
  • Argon (Ar): Monga inert gasi, Argon imagwiritsidwa ntchito munjira yotchedwa sputtering, komwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphulitsa chandamale, kugwetsa ma atomu omwe amasiya kuyikapo. mtanda. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kupanga plasma mu ambiri etch njira.

• Magesi apadera: Awa ndi mipweya yovuta, yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala yowopsa, komanso yopangidwa mwaluso kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga njira zinazake. Ndiwo "yogwira" zosakaniza.

  • Etchants: Mipweya monga chlorine (Cl₂) ndi hydrogen bromide (HBr) amagwiritsidwa ntchito posema kapena kusema. etch mawonekedwe mu zigawo za mtanda.
  • Ma Dopants: Mipweya monga arsine (AsH₃) ndi phosphine (PH₃) amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambitsa mwadala chidetso ku silicon kusintha mphamvu zake zamagetsi, momwemo ma transistors amayendetsedwa.
  • Magesi a Deposition: Silane (SiH₄) ndi chitsanzo chapamwamba, chogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gwero la silicon kuyika mafilimu owonda.

Kwa woyang'anira zogula zinthu ngati Mark, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti ngakhale mipweya yonseyi ndi yosiyana, amagawana chinthu chimodzi chofunikira: kunyanyira. chiyero.

Kodi Mungafotokoze Kuyika ndi Kuyika mu Mawu Osavuta?

Kupanga kwa semiconductor Zimakhudza mazana a masitepe, koma ambiri aiwo ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa njira ziwiri zofunika: kuika ndi etch. Kumvetsetsa izi m'mawu osavuta ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa udindo wa gasi.

1. Kuyika: Kumanga zigawo
Ganizilani za kuika monga kupaka utoto ndi mamolekyu. Cholinga chake ndikuwonjezera chinthu chowonda kwambiri, chofanana bwino kwambiri ndi chinthucho nsalu ya silicon.

• Njira: Njira gasi (monga silane) amasakanizidwa ndi a mpweya wonyamulira (monga nayitrogeni kapena haidrojeni). Izi gasi osakaniza ndiye anadzetsa mu chipinda munali mtanda. A mankhwala anachita imayambitsidwa, nthawi zambiri ndi kutentha kapena a plasma, kuchititsa mamolekyu "kutsika" kuchokera mu gasi ndi kupanga cholimba filimu woonda pa mtandapamwamba.
• Chifukwa Chake Kuyera Kufunika: Ngati pali choipitsa chidutswa mu gasi mtsinje, zili ngati kachidutswa kakang'ono kamene kamalowa mu penti yanu yopopera. Idzalowa mumndandanda watsopano, ndikupanga mawonekedwe chilema. Ngati pali zosafunikira gasi molekyulu, akhoza kuchita molakwika, kusintha mapangidwe mankhwala ndi katundu magetsi wosanjikiza.

2. Kumanga: Kusema Madera
Pambuyo pomanga wosanjikiza, muyenera kusema dongosolo la dera mmenemo. Etch ndi njira yochotsa zinthu mwachisawawa.

• Njira: The mtanda amakutidwa ndi zinthu zosamva kuwala kotchedwa photoresist. Chojambula chimayikidwa pamenepo (monga stencil). Madera oonekera amaumitsidwa. The mtanda Kenako amaikidwa m'chipinda chodzaza ndi mawu omveka gasi (monga mankhwala opangidwa ndi fluorine). Izi gasi amapatsidwa mphamvu mu a plasma state, kupangitsa kuti ikhale yotakasuka kwambiri. The plasma mabomba a mtanda, kuwononga zinthuzo ndi mankhwala kokha m'madera osatetezedwa ndi stencil.
• Chifukwa Chake Kuyera Kufunika: Zosafunika mu mpweya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa etching kumatha kusintha momwe amachitira. Izi zitha kupangitsa kuti mabwalo ajambulidwe mokulirapo kwambiri, mocheperapo, kapena ayi. Chitsulo chidutswa chidetso akhoza ngakhale kutsekereza etch sinthani pamalo amodzi ang'onoang'ono, ndikusiya "chithunzi" cha zinthu zosafunikira zomwe zimafupikitsa dera.

Kodi Kuyera Kwa Gasi Wapamwamba Kwambiri Kumayesedwa Bwanji Ndi Kusungidwa Motani?

Mu msika wapadziko lonse wa semiconductor, miyeso yoyera ngati "peresenti" ndiyopanda ntchito. Tikuchita nazo kuipitsidwa pamlingo wovuta kuumvetsetsa. Kuyera kumayezedwa mkati magawo pa thililiyoni (ppt). Izi zikutanthauza aliyense trilioni gasi mamolekyu, pangakhale molekyu imodzi yokha kapena ziwiri zonyansa.

Kukwaniritsa ndi kutsimikizira mulingo uwu wa chiyero cha gasi, dongosolo lamakono la kuyeretsa gasi ndipo kusanthula kumafunika.

Ku fakitale yathu, sitimangopanga gasi; tikukhala ndi kupuma kuwongolera khalidwe. The gasi unyolo kwa a semiconductor Nsalu imakhala ndi zoyeretsa zapadera zomwe zimayikidwa pamalo omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito. Komanso, patsogolo kusanthula gasi zida zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyang'anira nthawi yeniyeni. Njira ngati mlengalenga kuthamanga ionization misa spectrometry (APIMS) akhoza kuchita kuzindikira zonyansa mpaka magawo-pa trilioni iliyonse, kuonetsetsa kuti uhp gasi (kuyeretsedwa kopitilira muyeso) kulowa m'chida chothandizira ndikwabwino.

Kodi Ndi Chiyani Chimene Chimapangitsa Wopereka Gasi Wopumira Kwambiri Kukhala Wodalirika?

Kwa mutu wogula zinthu ngati Mark, yemwe adakumana ndi zowawa za kuchedwa kwa kutumiza ndi ziphaso zachinyengo, kudalirika ndi chilichonse. M'dziko la high-purity semiconductor Mpweya, kudalirika kumakhazikika pazipilala zitatu: Kusasinthika kwa Production, Quality Assurance, ndi Logistical Expertise.

1. Kusasinthasintha Kwakupanga: Wogulitsa wodalirika ayenera kukhala ndi luso lamphamvu komanso lopanda ntchito. Mizere isanu ndi iwiri yopanga fakitale yathu, mwachitsanzo, imatsimikizira kuti titha kukwaniritsa zofunika kwambiri ndi kuti vuto pamzere umodzi siliyimitsa zotulutsa zathu zonse. Izi zimachepetsa chiwopsezo cha kusokonekera kwa zinthu zomwe zitha kutseka madola mabiliyoni ambiri semiconductor Fab.
2. Chitsimikizo Chabwino Chotsimikizika: Sikokwanira kunena kuti muli nazo mkulu chiyero gasi. Muyenera kutsimikizira. Izi zikutanthauza kuyika ndalama mu zida zamakono zowunikira za kuzindikira zonyansa. Zikutanthauzanso kupereka ziphaso zowonekera, zotsatirika za Kusanthula (CoA) ndikutumiza kulikonse. Kulimbana ndi chinyengo cha satifiketi ndikumanga ubale wanthawi yayitali kutengera kukhulupirirana ndi data yotsimikizika.
3. Katswiri wa Logistical: Kupeza a gasi wowononga kapena madzi a cryogenic ochokera ku China kupita ku USA si ophweka. Pamafunika makontena apadera, chidziwitso cha malamulo oyendetsa sitima zapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso kukonzekera bwino kuti apewe kuchedwa. Wogulitsa wodalirika amamvetsetsa kuti izi sizongotumiza bokosi; ikuwongolera gawo lofunikira kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi semiconductor magulidwe akatundu.

Kodi Pali Kusiyana Kotani Pakati pa Bulk Gas ndi Specialty Gas?

Kumvetsetsa kusiyana pakati gasi wambiri ndi gasi wapadera ndizofunikira kwa aliyense amene akutenga nawo gawo pakufufuza makampani a semiconductor. Ngakhale onse amafuna monyanyira chiyero, mulingo wawo, kagwiridwe kawo, ndi kagwiritsidwe ntchito kawo ndizosiyana kwambiri.

Mipweya Yochuluka, monga Magesi Opangidwa ndi Bulk High Purity Specialty, kutanthauza mpweya monga nayitrogenimpweya, argon, ndi haidrojeni. Ndiwo maziko a chilengedwe cha fab. Mawu oti "zochuluka" amatanthauza kuchuluka kogwiritsidwa ntchito. Mipweya iyi nthawi zambiri imapangidwa pamalopo kapena pafupi ndipo imaperekedwa kudzera pa mapaipi odzipereka mwachindunji ku makina ogawa amkati a fab. Zovuta zazikulu apa ndikusunga chiyero pamanetiweki ambiri ogawa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti palibe chosokoneza, chokwera kwambiri.

Gasi wapadera (kapena magetsi gasi) amatanthawuza gulu lalikulu la mpweya womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala wachilendo, wotakataka, kapena wowopsa womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono pamachitidwe enaake monga etching ndi kuika. Zitsanzo ndi monga silane, ammonia, boron trichloride, ndi nitrogen trifluoride. Izi zimaperekedwa mu masilindala apamwamba kwambiri. Mavuto ndi gasi wapadera ali otetezeka kwambiri pogwira, kuwonetsetsa kusasinthika kosakanikirana kwa gasi, ndikuletsa kusintha kulikonse mu silinda yomwe ingasokoneze. khalidwe la gasi.

Kodi Kufuna kwa High-Purity Semiconductor Gasi Kukuyenda Motani?

The makampani a semiconductor sichiyima chilili. Lamulo la Moore, zowona kuti kuchuluka kwa ma transistors pa chip kuwirikiza kawiri pafupifupi zaka ziwiri zilizonse, kumapitilira kukankhira malire a physics. Pamene ma transistors akucheperachepera, amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri kuipitsidwa. A kukula kwa tinthu zomwe zinali zovomerezeka zaka zisanu zapitazo ndi "wakupha chilema"lero.

Kuyendetsa kosalekeza kumeneku kwa tchipisi tating'ono komanso amphamvu kwambiri kumatanthauza kufunikira kwa milingo yayikulu kwambiri chiyero cha gasi chikukula. Tikuchoka kudziko lomwe magawo mabiliyoni aliwonse anali muyezo wagolide kupita ku malo omwe magawo a trilioni ndi gawo lofunikira lolowera. semiconductor yapamwamba mfundo. Kuphatikiza apo, zida zatsopano ndi zomangamanga za chip, monga 3D NAND ndi Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistors, zimafuna mbiri yatsopano ya mpweya wa m'badwo wotsatira zosakaniza ndi precursors. Monga opanga gasi, tili mumpikisano wokhazikika wazatsopano, ndikupanga matekinoloje atsopano oyeretsa ndi njira zowunikira kuti zigwirizane ndi msika wapadziko lonse wa semiconductor.

Monga Wogula, Ndi Zitsimikizo Zamtundu Wanji Zomwe Ndiyenera Kuyang'ana?

Kuyendayenda padziko lonse la ogulitsa kungakhale kovuta, makamaka pochita ndi zinthu zamakono. Zitsimikizo zimapereka chitsimikiziro chofunikira, cha gulu lachitatu cha kuthekera kwa ogulitsa ndi kudzipereka kwake kuti akhale wabwino. Pofufuza mpweya wabwino kwambiri za makampani a semiconductor, Nazi zinthu zingapo zofunika kuziyang'ana:

• ISO 9001: Ichi ndi chiphaso chofunikira pamakina oyendetsera bwino. Zikuwonetsa kuti wogulitsa ali ndi njira zofotokozedwera bwino komanso zobwerezabwereza zopanga, kuyang'anira, ndi kutumiza.
• ISO/IEC 17025: Izi ndizovuta kwambiri. Ndiwo muyezo wa luso la kuyesa ndi ma calibration laboratories. Wopereka satifiketiyi watsimikizira kuti labu yawo yamkati - yomwe imapanga Satifiketi Yanu Yowunikira - ndiyolondola komanso yodalirika.
• Tsatanetsatane Wofufuza: Nthawi zonse muzifuna Satifiketi Yowunika (CoA) pa silinda imodzi kapena batch iliyonse. Satifiketi iyi iyenera kufotokoza za mulingo wofunikira zonyansa mu gasi, kuyesedwa ndi njira zowunikira zenizeni monga chromatography ya gasi kapena mass spectrometry.

Monga mtsogoleri wotsimikiza ngati Mark, chida chanu chabwino ndikufunsa mafunso ofufuza. Osangofunsa kuti "Ndi izi gasi oyera?" Funsani "Mumatsimikizira bwanji kuti ndi oyera? Ndiwonetseni satifiketi ya labu yanu. Fotokozani ndondomeko yanu yotsimikizira kusasinthika kwa zinthu zambiri.” Katswiri wodalirika komanso wodalirika amalandila mafunsowa ndikukhala ndi mayankho odalirika komanso omveka bwino.

Zofunika Kwambiri

• Gasi ndi Chida: Mu kupanga semiconductor, mpweya si zinthu chabe; ndi zida zolondola zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga ndi kusema mabwalo ang'onoang'ono pa a nsalu ya silicon.
• Kuyera Ndi Chilichonse: Mulingo wa kupanga chip ndi yaying'ono kwambiri moti imodzi yosafunidwa chidutswa kapena chidetso molekyulu akhoza kuwononga Chip, kupanga chiyero chapamwamba kwambiri chofunikira chosakambitsirana.
• Zokolola ndi Cholinga: Zotsatira zoyambirira za kuipitsidwa kwa gasi ndi kuchepetsa kupanga Zotuluka, zomwe zimamasulira mwachindunji ku mamiliyoni a madola mu ndalama zotayika nsalu za semiconductor.
• Njira ziwiri: Njira zambiri zopangira chip zimaphatikizanso kuika (zomangamanga) kapena etch (zosema), zonse zomwe zimadalira kwenikweni momwe mpweya wabwino umayendera.
• Kudalirika Ndikofunikira: Wodalirika wogulitsa mu mpweya wa semiconductor msika uyenera kuwonetsa kusasinthika kwakupanga, kutsimikizika kwamtundu wotsimikizika kudzera m'ma laboratories ovomerezeka, ndi kasamalidwe ka akatswiri.
• Tsogolo Ndi Loyera: Pamene ma semiconductors akupita patsogolo kwambiri, kufunikira kwa milingo yayikulu kwambiri chiyero cha gasi (mpaka magawo pa trilioni) idzangopitilira kukula.