Kodi carbon dioxide ingasinthidwe kukhala mafuta?
1. Kodi kutembenuza CO2 kukhala mafuta?
Choyamba, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kutembenuza mpweya woipa ndi madzi kukhala nkhuni. Ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya dzuwa kuti agawanitse mpweya woipa ndi madzi kuti apange mpweya monga hydrogen, carbon monoxide kapena methane, zomwe zimasinthidwa kuti zikhale mankhwala omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta. Mwanjira imeneyi, asayansi akwanitsa kusintha mpweya woipa kukhala carbon monoxide, womwe umafunika kuti Zviack reaction (Zviack).
Chachiwiri, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timagwiritsidwa ntchito posintha carbon dioxide kukhala zinthu zamoyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (kuphatikiza algae ndi mabakiteriya, ndi zina zotero) popanga photosynthesis, kutembenuza mphamvu ya kuwala kukhala mphamvu yamankhwala, ndikusintha mpweya woipa kukhala zinthu zamoyo monga shuga kuti apange mafuta a biomass. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito algae kutembenuza mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi carbon dioxide kukhala mafuta ndi zotsalira zina kuti apange zinthu monga biodiesel ndi biogasoline.
Potsirizira pake, mankhwala amagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutembenuza mpweya woipa kukhala mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza amagwiritsa ntchito thermochemical kapena electrochemical reactions kuti asinthe mpweya woipa kukhala ammonia kapena zinthu zina, zomwe zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala mankhwala omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mafuta. Mwachitsanzo, kuchepetsa electrochemical ntchito kutembenuza mpweya woipa kukhala zidulo ofunda kapena organic zinthu monga formic acid, amene kenako apanga kukhala mafuta, etc.
2. Kodi CO2 ingasinthidwe kukhala zinthu zina?
Zinthu zomwe zimatha kusinthana nazo mpweya woipa zikuphatikizapo zomera, nyama, tizilombo ndi zina zochita za mankhwala.
Zomera ndizomwe zimatembenuza kwambiri mpweya woipa. Amasintha mpweya woipa kukhala zinthu zamoyo kudzera mu photosynthesis, motero amapereka mphamvu zofunika kwa zamoyo. Photosynthesis ndi njira imene zomera zimatengera madzi ndi carbon dioxide kuchokera ku mphamvu ya dzuwa, kenako zimagwiritsira ntchito maatomu a carbon omwe ali mmenemo kupanga shuga ndi zinthu zina zamoyo, kwinaku zimatulutsa mpweya. Zinthu zamoyo zimenezi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomera monga zopangira kuti zikule ndi kuberekana, ndipo mpweya woipa umatulutsidwanso ndi zomera, motero amamaliza kuzungulira kwa mpweya woipa.
Nyama ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono zimathanso kusintha mpweya woipa kukhala mpweya kudzera mu kupuma, makamaka zamoyo zina za m'nyanja, monga zam'madzi, ndi zina zotero, zimatha kusintha mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide kukhala zinthu zamoyo, motero kusintha chilengedwe cha m'nyanja.
Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zina zamagulu zimatha kusintha mpweya woipa kukhala zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, malasha akayaka amatha kusintha carbon dioxide kukhala sulfur dioxide ndi madzi, ndipo calcium carbonate ingasinthe carbon dioxide kukhala calcium carbonate, yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zinthu monga zitsulo ndi simenti. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zina zamakemikolo zimatha kusinthanso mpweya woipa kukhala ma hydrocarbon, monga methane, ndikuzigwiritsa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana.
Mwachidule, zomera, nyama, tizilombo tating’onoting’ono, ndi zochita zina za mankhwala zimatha kusintha chilengedwe mwa kusandutsa carbon dioxide kukhala zinthu zina.
3. Kodi tingasinthe CO2 kukhala malasha?
Mwachidziwitso, ndizothekanso.
Kodi malasha achokera kuti? Amapangidwa ndi zomera zokwiriridwa pansi. Mpweya wa carbon mu zomera nthawi zina umachokera ku zomera zomwe zimayamwa mpweya woipa m’mlengalenga ndi kuwasandutsa zinthu zachilengedwe kudzera mu photosynthesis. Choncho, pa chiwerengero chomwecho cha moles wa maatomu a carbon, mphamvu ya carbon dioxide ndi yochepa kuposa ya malasha. Choncho, m'chilengedwe, zochita za malasha oyaka kuti apange mpweya woipa zimatha kuchitika mwadzidzidzi pamene mphamvu yoyamba (monga kuyatsa) yakhutitsidwa, koma njira yosinthira mpweya wa carbon dioxide kukhala organic matter sichingapitirire, ndipo iyenera kudutsa mu photosynthesis, ndipo mphamvu imachokera ku dzuwa.
Ngati tilankhula za kuyengedwa kochita kupanga, titha kutsanzira photosynthesis ndi kupanga malasha. Komabe, palibe phindu lazachuma nkomwe.
4. Kodi CO2 ingasinthidwe kukhala gasi wachilengedwe?
Inde, njira yamankhwala imadya mphamvu zambiri, kotero phindu ndilofunika kutayika.
Kubzala mitengo, kugwiritsa ntchito chilengedwe kuti chisinthe, kumatenga nthawi yaitali, ndipo kumafuna khama la nthawi yaitali la aliyense, ndi ndondomeko zolimba za Z-F, zokhazikika, zothandiza, komanso zothandiza kuti ziwonjezere zomera zapadziko lapansi, osati kuchepetsa. Zomera zikamadya mpweya woipa, kudzera mukuyenda kwa kutumphuka kwa dziko lapansi, zimasanduka mafuta, ndi zina zotero monga kale.
Palinso mtundu wa njere kuti zimatenga mpweya woipa, ndi mwachindunji umabala mowa ndi biogas ku tirigu ndi udzu, amenenso ndi kusintha.
5. Kodi chimachitika n'chiyani carbon dioxide ndi hydrogen zitasakanikirana?
Mpweya wa carbon dioxide ndi haidrojeni amatha kuchitapo kanthu popanga zinthu zosiyanasiyana pamikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana:
1. Mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi wa hydrogen umachita kutentha kwambiri n’kupanga carbon monoxide ndi madzi;
2. Mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi wa haidrojeni umagwira ntchito pansi pa kutentha kwambiri ndi kuthamanga kwambiri kupanga methane ndi madzi. Methane ndi chinthu chosavuta kwambiri komanso chigawo chachikulu cha gasi wachilengedwe, gasi, mpweya wamadzi, ndi zina zambiri, zomwe zimadziwika kuti gasi;
3. Mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide ndi wa haidrojeni umachita kutentha kwambiri ndipo umawonjezera chothandizira cha ruthenium-phosphine-chromium kuti apange methanol, womwe ndi mowa wosavuta kwambiri wa saturated monohydric ndipo ndi madzi opanda mtundu komanso osasunthika okhala ndi fungo la mowa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga formaldehyde ndi Mankhwala ophera tizilombo, ndi zina zotero, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chochotsera zinthu zachilengedwe komanso denaturant ya mowa.
6. Kusintha mpweya woipa kukhala mafuta amadzimadzi
Akatswiri a zamankhwala pa yunivesite ya Illinois akwanitsa kupanga mafuta kuchokera m'madzi, carbon dioxide ndi kuwala koonekera kudzera mu photosynthesis. Potembenuza mpweya woipa kukhala mamolekyu ovuta kwambiri monga propane, teknoloji yobiriwira yamagetsi yapita patsogolo kuti igwiritse ntchito mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide ndi kusunga mphamvu ya dzuwa ngati mawonekedwe a mankhwala kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito panthawi ya dzuwa komanso kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mphamvu.
Zomera zimagwiritsa ntchito kuwala kwa dzuwa kuyendetsa madzi ndi mpweya woipa kuti apange shuga wambiri kuti asunge mphamvu za dzuwa. Pakafukufuku watsopano, ochita kafukufukuwo adapanga njira yopangira ma elekitironi pogwiritsa ntchito ma nanoparticles olemera a electron monga chothandizira kusintha carbon dioxide ndi madzi kukhala mafuta pogwiritsa ntchito kuwala kobiriwira komwe zomera zimagwiritsa ntchito mu photosynthesis. Zotsatira zatsopanozi zidasindikizidwa mu nyuzipepala ya Nature Communications.
"Cholinga chathu ndi kupanga ma hydrocarbon ovuta, osungunuka kuchokera ku carbon dioxide yambiri ndi mphamvu zokhazikika monga mphamvu ya dzuwa," anatero Prashant Jain, pulofesa wa chemistry ndi wolemba nawo maphunziro. Mafuta amadzimadzi ndi abwino kwambiri chifukwa amayenderana ndi gasi.
Mu labu ya Jain, Sungju Yu, wofufuza wa postdoctoral komanso wolemba woyamba wa phunziroli, adagwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chothandizira kuti atenge kuwala kobiriwira ndikunyamula ma elekitironi ndi ma protoni ofunikira kuti apange mankhwala a carbon dioxide ndi madzi, kukhala ngati chlorophyll mu photosynthesis yachilengedwe.
Ma nanoparticles a golide amagwira ntchito bwino kwambiri monga chothandizira chifukwa malo awo amakhudzidwa mosavuta ndi mamolekyu a carbon dioxide, amatenga mphamvu zowunikira popanda kusweka ngati zitsulo zina zomwe zimakhala ndi dzimbiri, adatero Jain.
Pali njira zambiri zotulutsira mphamvu zomwe zimasungidwa mumafuta amafuta a hydrocarbon. Komabe, njira yosavuta komanso yachikhalidwe yowotchera imatha kutulutsa mpweya wambiri wa carbon dioxide, womwe umatsutsana ndi lingaliro la kulanda ndi kusunga mphamvu za dzuwa poyamba, adatero Jain.
"Palinso ntchito zina zomwe si zachikhalidwe zama hydrocarbons zopangidwa motere," adatero. "Amatha kupanga magetsi apano komanso magetsi opangira magetsi. Pali ma lab ambiri padziko lonse lapansi omwe akuyesetsa kuti azitha kugwira bwino ntchito." sinthani mphamvu zamakhemikolo zama hydrocarbon kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi. ”
