Takhala tikuyendetsa fakitale ku China yomwe imagwira ntchito popanga mpweya wamakampani. Kuchokera pamalingaliro anga, ndawonapo kusinthika kodabwitsa kwaukadaulo, zonse zoyendetsedwa ndi zomwe anthu ambiri samaziwona: mipweya yoyera kwambiri. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta foni yanu, kompyuta, ndi galimoto yanu ndiukadaulo wamakono, koma kupangidwa kwawo sikutheka popanda mpweya wabwino komanso wopanda cholakwika.

Mumamvetsetsa kufunikira kwaubwino komanso njira yodalirika yoperekera zinthu, koma mutha kudabwa chifukwa Miyezo ya mipweya ya semiconductor ndiyokwera kwambiri zakuthambo. Chifukwa chiyani kutumiza kwa Argon kuyenera kukhala koyera 99.9999%? Kalozerayu adzachotsa chinsalu cha dziko la kupanga semiconductor. Tiwunikanso mipweya yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe amachita, komanso chifukwa chake chiyero ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri. Pamapeto pake, mudzakhala ndi chidziwitso chomveka bwino chazinthu zomwe mumapeza ndikukhala okonzeka kufotokozera makasitomala anu za mtengo wake.

Chifukwa Chiyani Magesi Apadera Ndi Ofunika Kwambiri Pakupanga Ma Semiconductor?

Tangoganizani kuti mukumanga nyumba yosanja pamene mchenga umodzi wokha ukasokonekera ukhoza kugwetsa nyumba yonseyo. Ndilo mulingo wolondola wofunikira munkhaniyi kupanga semiconductor makampani. "Zomangira" zamakampaniwa si njerwa ndi matope, koma maatomu, ndi "zida" nthawi zambiri amakhala mpweya wapadera kwambiri. Zonse kupanga cha an Integrated dera zimachitika pa sikelo ya microscopic, pomwe zigawo za zinthu, nthawi zambiri zokhuthala ndi ma atomu ochepa, zimayikidwa pa kapena kuzimikira kutali ndi nsalu ya silicon.

Izi njira za semiconductor amazindikira modabwitsa. Tinthu tapathengo kapena mankhwala chidetso ikhoza kusokoneza kamangidwe kake ka microchip, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yopanda ntchito. Apa ndi pamene gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Amapanga malo oyeretsedwa kwambiri, amapereka zipangizo zopangira zigawo zatsopano, ndikukhala ngati mankhwala "scalpels" omwe amajambula njira zovuta za magetsi. The njira yopangira semiconductor ndi kuvina kovuta kwa zotsatira za mankhwala, ndipo mpweya ndiwo ovina otsogola. Popanda mpweya wokhazikika, wodalirika, komanso wopanda mpweya wabwino, zamagetsi zamakono sizikanakhalapo.

The mpweya wogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga semiconductor sizinthu zanu zamafakitale. Amapangidwa kuti akwaniritse ukhondo womwe ndi wovuta kuumvetsetsa, womwe nthawi zambiri umayesedwa m'magawo mabiliyoni kapena magawo thililiyoni. Izi ndichifukwa choti magwiridwe antchito a zida za semiconductor imamangirizidwa mwachindunji ku ungwiro wa mapangidwe awo a atomiki. Molekyu yogwira ntchito ya okosijeni kapena nthunzi yamadzi yomwe ikuyenera kukhala inert gasi kungayambitse makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kusintha magetsi katundu kuzungulira ndi kubweretsa zolakwika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake a apadera gasi makampani ndizofunikira kwambiri kudziko laukadaulo.

Kodi Magawo Akuluakulu A Gasi Omwe Amagwiritsidwa Ntchito Popanga Semiconductor Ndi Chiyani?

Tikamakamba za mpweya mukupanga semiconductor, kaŵirikaŵiri amagwera m’magulu angapo ofunika kwambiri malinga ndi ntchito yawo. Kumvetsetsa maguluwa kumathandiza kumveketsa udindo uliwonse gasi amasewera mu complex kupanga ndondomeko. Si mpweya umodzi kapena awiri okha; a zamakono nsalu za semiconductor zimafuna zoposa 30 zosiyanasiyana mpweya ndi zosakaniza kuti zigwire ntchito.

Choyamba ndi mpweya wambiri. Izi ndizomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mochuluka kwambiri panyumba yonse. Ganizirani za iwo ngati maziko oyambira a nsalu. Zofala kwambiri ndi:

• Nayitrogeni (N₂): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa zipinda ndi zida kuti achotse zoipitsidwa ndikupanga malo opanda mpweya.
• Mpweya (O₂): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukulitsa zigawo zapamwamba za silicon dioxide (SiO₂), zomwe zimakhala ngati zoteteza.
• haidrojeni (H₂): Amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeretsa pamalo komanso mwachindunji kuika njira.
• Argon (Ar): An gasi wopanda amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga malo okhazikika azinthu monga sputtering.

Chotsatira ndi mpweya wapadera, amadziwikanso kuti magetsi apadera amagetsi. Izi ndizodziwika kwambiri, nthawi zambiri zotakataka kapena wowopsa, mpweya umene umagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri za etching ndi kuika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pang'onopang'ono koma amakhala ndi mtengo wokwera kwambiri ndipo amafunika kuwasamalira mosamala kwambiri. Izi zitha kugawidwanso m'magulu monga:

• Magesi a Deposition: Mipweya iyi, monga Silane (SiH₄), ndiyo gwero la zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zigawo za chip. Amawola ndikuyika a filimu woonda wa zinthu ku nsalu ya silicon.
• Magesi a Etchant: Izi ndi mpweya wokhazikika amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochotsa zinthu mwachisawawa. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo mankhwala a fluorine monga Carbon Tetrafluoride (CF₄) ndi hydrogen kloride (HCl). Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu etching process kuti azijambula zilembo zozungulira.
• Mipweya ya Dopant: Mipweya iyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito "kudumphira". silicon, kutanthauza kubweretsa mwadala chinthu china chidetso (a dopant) kusintha magetsi katundu. Izi ndizofunikira pakupanga ma transistors. Wamba mpweya wa dopant zikuphatikizapo Arsine (AsH₃) ndi Phosphine (PH₃).

Kodi Nayitrogeni Gasi Amagwira Ntchito Motani Mumasewero a Semiconductor?

Ngati mutadutsa mu a kupanga semiconductor malo, omwe amapezeka paliponse gasi mungakumane ndi Nayitrogeni. Ngakhale si nthawi zonse kutenga mbali yaikulu zotsatira za mankhwala zomwe zimamanga chip, ntchito yake ndiyofunikira kwambiri popanga mikhalidwe yoti izi zitheke. Nayitrogeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka chifukwa cha inertness; sichimafanana ndi zinthu zina, ndikupangitsa kukhala "wodzaza" wangwiro. gasi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito koyamba kwa Nayitrogeni ali mu kuyeretsa ndi kulenga mpweya inert. Pamaso tcheru chilichonse ndondomeko ya semiconductor chikhoza kuyamba, chipindacho chiyenera kukhala chopanda zonyansa monga mpweya, nthunzi wamadzi, ndi fumbi. Kuyera kwambiri Nayitrogeni imathamangitsidwa m'chipindamo kuti itulutse zinthu zosafunikira izi. Izi zimalepheretsa okosijeni mwangozi kapena zochitika zina zomwe zingawononge mtanda. Mfundo yomweyi imagwiritsidwanso ntchito pazida ndi zonyamula (zotchedwa FOUPs) zomwe zimanyamula mapepala a silicon pakati pa magawo osiyanasiyana a kupanga ndondomeko.

Komanso, Nayitrogeni amatenga gawo lalikulu mu chithunzithunzi, njira yosindikizira kapangidwe ka dera pa kabati. Mu ultraviolet (DUV) yamakono zojambula, danga pakati pa mandala ndi mtanda imadzazidwa ndi ultra-pure Nayitrogeni (kapena Argon) kulola kuti kuwala kwaufupi-wavelength kudutsa popanda kutengeka ndi mpweya. Popanda chilengedwe cha inert ichi, ndondomekoyi ikanakhala yosatheka. M'chidziwitso changa chopereka ku nsalu, kufunikira kopitilira, kukweza kwambiri, komanso kuyeretsa kwambiri Nayitrogeni kupezeka sikungakambirane.

Kodi Argon Imagwira Ntchito Yanji Pakupanga Malo Abwino Kwambiri?

Monga nayitrogeni, Argon ndi wolemekezeka gasi, kutanthauza kuti ndi mankhwala ine. Komabe, Argon amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ntchito zenizeni pomwe kulemera kwake kwa atomiki kumapereka mwayi. Chimodzi mwazinthu zofunika kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito izi ndi kuyika kwa sputter, kapena sputtering. Uwu ndi nthunzi wakuthupi ndondomeko ya deposition amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyala mafilimu owonda zitsulo, omwe amapanga mawaya a Integrated dera.

Mu sputtering, voteji yapamwamba imayikidwa mu chipinda chopuma chodzaza ndi Argon gasi. Izi zimapanga plasma yokhala ndi zabwino Argon ions. Ma ion awa amafulumizitsa ndikuphwanya "chandamale" chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chomwe tikufuna kuyika (monga mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu). Mphamvu ya kugundako imagwetsa maatomu achitsulo kuchoka pa chandamale, chomwe chimawulukira mchipindacho ndikuvala nsalu ya silicon mu wosanjikiza woonda, wofanana. Argon ndi yabwino kwa izi chifukwa ndi yolemetsa yokwanira kutulutsa maatomu omwe mukufuna koma osagwira ntchito mokwanira kotero kuti sangagwirizane ndi filimu yachitsulo yomwe ikuthandiza kupanga. Limapereka changwiro chilengedwe kwa sputter mafunsidwe zitsulo.

Ntchito ina yofunika kwa Argon ali mu plasma etching. Mu izi etching process, Argon nthawi zambiri amasakanikirana ndi a zotakataka etchant gasi. The Argon zimathandizira kukhazikika kwa plasma ndikuphulitsa pamwamba, kuthandizira kukhazikika kwamankhwala ndikupanga macheka olondola, olunjika pazinthuzo. Kupereka kodalirika kwa Ma silinda a gasi a Argon ndizofunikira pazida zilizonse zomwe zimapanga metallization kapena etching yapamwamba.

Kodi Mungafotokoze Momwe Hydrogen Imagwiritsidwira Ntchito Kuyika ndi Kuyeretsa?

Ngakhale kuti nayitrogeni ndi Argon ndizofunika kwambiri chifukwa chosagwira ntchito, haidrojeni amayamikiridwa chifukwa chapamwamba zotakataka, koma mwaukhondo komanso mwadongosolo. Hyrojeni imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu kupanga semiconductor poyeretsa malo komanso mumtundu wina wa kuika amatchedwa kukula kwa epitaxial. Kakulidwe kake kakang'ono ka atomiki kamalola kuloŵa ndi kuchitapo kanthu m'njira zomwe mpweya wina sungathe.

Pamaso wosanjikiza watsopano akhoza kukhala wamkulu pa mtanda, pamwamba pake payenera kukhala paukhondo, mpaka kufika pa mlingo wa atomiki. Mpweya wa haidrojeni amagwiritsidwa ntchito potentha kwambiri yotchedwa "hydrogen bake" kuti achotse oxide yamtundu uliwonse (yosanjikiza mwachilengedwe ya silicon dioxide) yomwe yapanga pa silicon pamwamba. The haidrojeni imakhudzidwa ndi okosijeni, kupanga nthunzi wamadzi (H₂O) womwe umaponyedwa kunja kwa chipindacho, ndikusiya choyera. silicon pamwamba okonzekera sitepe yotsatira.

haidrojeni ilinso gawo lofunikira mu epitaxial kukula (kapena "epi"), njira yomwe imamera gawo limodzi la kristalo silicon pamwamba pa nsalu ya silicon. Wosanjikiza watsopanowu ali ndi mawonekedwe abwino a kristalo ndipo amayendetsedwa ndendende dopant milingo. haidrojeni amachita ngati chonyamulira gasi za silicon gwero gasi (monga silane kapena trichlorosilane). Imatsimikiziranso malo abwino okulirapo pochotsa maatomu aliwonse osokonekera. Ubwino wa epitaxial wosanjikiza uwu ndi wofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa mapurosesa apamwamba kwambiri, kupanga chiyero cha Silinda ya haidrojeni kupereka zofunika kwambiri.

Kodi Mipweya ya Etchant Ndi Chiyani Ndipo Amajambula Mozungulira Ma Microscopic?

Ngati kuyika kuli kokhudza kupanga zigawo, etching ndi pafupi kuwajambula kuti apange mawonekedwe ozungulira. Ganizirani izi ngati chosema chowoneka ndi maso. Pambuyo pa ndondomeko imatanthauzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chithunzithunzi, izi mpweya ntchito kupereka mankhwala amatanthauza kuchotsa zinthu kumadera osatetezedwa a mtanda. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta komanso zovuta kwambiri kupanga chip.

The gasi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyatsira Njirayi imakhala ndi fluorine, chlorine, kapena bromine-based compounds. Kusankha kwa gasi zimatengera zinthu zomwe zimakhazikika.

• Mipweya yochokera ku fluorine (mwachitsanzo, CF₄, SF₆, NF₃) ndiabwino kwambiri pakuwotchera silicon ndi silicon dioxide.
• Mpweya wopangidwa ndi chlorine (mwachitsanzo, Cl₂, BCl₃, HCl) nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira zitsulo ngati aluminiyamu.

Izi mpweya wokhazikika amalowetsedwa mu chipinda cha plasma. Plasma imaphwanya gasi mamolekyu amasiyana kwambiri zotakataka ions ndi ma radicals. Ma radicals awa amatha kuchitapo kanthu ndi pamwamba pa mtanda, kupanga kaphatikizidwe katsopano kakang'ono kamene kamatha kupopera mosavuta, motero "kujambula" zinthuzo. Kulondola kofunikira ndi kwakukulu; cholinga ndi ku etch molunjika pansi (anisotropically) popanda kufooketsa wosanjikiza wopangidwa. Zamakono nsalu za semiconductor gwiritsani ntchito zovuta zosakaniza gasi ndikuwongolera mosamala mikhalidwe ya plasma kuti mukwaniritse izi.

Kodi Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) ndi Mipweya Iti Imakhudzidwa?

Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) ndi mwala wapangodya ndondomeko ya deposition mu kupanga semiconductor. Ndi njira yoyamba yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafilimu oteteza komanso owongolera omwe amapanga a chipangizo cha semiconductor. Lingaliro loyambirira ndikuyenda a gasi (kapena kusakaniza kwa mpweya) pamoto mtanda. Kutentha kumayambitsa gasi kuchita kapena kuwola pamwamba pa mtanda, kusiya filimu yolimba ya zinthu zomwe mukufuna.

Chilichonse mwazinthu izi chimafuna mikhalidwe yokhazikika komanso yokhazikika mpweya wabwino kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, poyika gawo la polysilicon pogwiritsa ntchito Silane, mpweya uliwonse chidetso mu gasi mtsinje ungapangitse silicon dioxide kupanga m'malo mwake, kuwononga zomwe zimayendetsa gawolo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ife, monga ogulitsa, timayang'ana kwambiri pa kuyeretsedwa ndi kusanthula izi gasi woyika. Laibulale yonse ya Magesi Opangidwa ndi Bulk High Purity Specialty timapereka kuti tikwaniritse zofunikira izi.

Chifukwa chiyani Ukhondo Wapamwamba Kwambiri Ndiwofunika Kwambiri Pamipweya ya Semiconductor?

Sindingathe kufotokozera izi: mu makampani a semiconductor, chiyero ndi zonse. Teremuyo chiyero chapamwamba sizikutanthauza 99% kapena 99.9%. Za mpweya wa semiconductor, tikukamba za chiyero chapamwamba kwambiri (UHP), yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala 99.999% (nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "masanu asanu ndi anayi") kapena apamwamba. Kwa ena ovuta ndondomeko mipweya, chofunikiracho chikhoza kukhala 99.9999% ("chisanu ndi chimodzi") kapena kupitilira apo. Chifukwa chake ndi chophweka: zonyansa zimapha ntchito.

Zomwe zili pa microchip yamakono zimayesedwa mu nanometers (mabiliyoni a mita). Pamuyeso uwu, tinthu tating'ono tachilendo kapena molekyulu yosafunidwa ili ngati mwala womwe uli pakati pa msewu waukulu kwambiri. An chidetso akhoza:

• Zosintha Zamagetsi: Sodium ion yosokera imatha kusintha mphamvu yamagetsi ya transistor, ndikupangitsa kuti izitse kapena kuzimitsa nthawi yolakwika.
• Pangani Zowonongeka Zamapangidwe: Molekyu ya okosijeni imatha kusokoneza kristalo wabwino kwambiri panthawi ya kukula kwa epitaxial, ndikupanga "dislocation" yomwe imalepheretsa kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi.
• Zimayambitsa Mafupipafupi: Tinthu tachitsulo titha kulumikiza mizere iwiri yoyandikana, ndikupanga yaifupi yakufa.
• Chepetsani Zokolola: Zoyipa zikachuluka, zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa tchipisi tolakwika pa chilichonse mtanda, zomwe zimakhudza mwachindunji phindu.

Ichi ndichifukwa chake, monga wopanga, ndalama zathu zazikulu ndikuyeretsa ndi zida zowunikira. Gulu lililonse la gasi ayenera iyesedwe kuti iwonetsetse kuti ikugwirizana ndi magawo-per-biliyoni (ppb) kapena magawo-per-trilioni (ppt) zomwe makasitomala athu amafuna. The kufunikira kwa mpweya wabwino kwambiri ndi zomwe zimayendetsa thupi lonse msika wapadera wa gasi za zamagetsi.

Kodi Timatsimikiza Motani Kuti Magasi Oyera Kwambiri Ndi Abwino komanso Odalirika?

Kwa mkulu wogula zinthu ngati Mark, ili ndiye funso lofunika kwambiri. Mtengo waukulu ndi wopanda tanthauzo ngati gasi khalidwe ndi losagwirizana kapena kutumiza kwachedwa. Ndamva nkhani zoopsa: ogulitsa amapereka ziphaso zachinyengo za kusanthula, kapena kutumiza kwa mpweya wapadera kusungidwa mu kasitomu kwa milungu ingapo, kupangitsa kuti mzere wopanga uimirire. Kuthana ndi zowawa izi ndiye pachimake cha malingaliro athu abizinesi.

Kuwonetsetsa kuti khalidwe limayamba ndi kuyeretsedwa ndondomeko. Timagwiritsa ntchito makina apamwamba kwambiri monga cryogenic distillation ndi zida zapadera za adsorbent kuchotsa zonyansa. Koma ndondomekoyi simathera pamenepo. Chofunikira kwambiri ndikutsimikizira. Timagwiritsa ntchito zida zowunikira zamakono monga Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometers (GC-MS) kuyesa silinda imodzi iliyonse isanatumizidwe. Timapatsa makasitomala athu Satifiketi Yowunikira mwatsatanetsatane komanso yowona (COA) pagulu lililonse, kutsimikizira chiyero cha gasi.

A kupereka odalirika unyolo ndi theka lina la equation. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

• Kukonzekera kwa Cylinder Yamphamvu: Masilinda kwa ultra-high chiyero mipweya kuonetsetsa kuti chidebecho sichiyipitsa gasi.
• Intelligent Logistics: Timagwira ntchito ndi othandizana nawo odziwa zambiri omwe amamvetsetsa malamulo otumizira zinthu zotsika kwambiri komanso nthawi zina zowopsa padziko lonse lapansi. Timapereka zolembedwa zonse zofunika kuti titsimikizire kuti kasitomu saloledwa.
• Kulankhulana Komveka: Magulu athu ogulitsa ndi othandizira amaphunzitsidwa kuti azipereka zosintha pafupipafupi. Mudzadziwa nthawi zonse za dongosolo lanu, kuchokera pakupanga mpaka kubweretsa komaliza. Ife tikumvetsa kuti zodziwikiratu kupezeka kwa mpweya wabwino kwambiri ndikofunikira kuti makasitomala athu aziwongolera ndandanda zawo zopangira. Timapereka ngakhale zosiyanasiyana kusakaniza gasi zosankha kuti zikwaniritse zosowa zapadera.

Kodi Tsogolo Lamagesi Mumagawo A Semiconductor Ndi Chiyani?

The makampani a semiconductor sichiyima chilili. Monga momwe lamulo la Moore linaneneratu, opanga ma chip amalimbikira nthawi zonse kuti apange zida zazing'ono, zachangu, komanso zamphamvu kwambiri. Kusintha kosalekeza kumeneku kumakhudza mwachindunji mpweya ndi zosakaniza kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu kupanga kwawo. Pamene tikupita ku m'badwo wotsatira wa semiconductor umisiri, ndi kukula kwa mawonekedwe akucheperachepera pang'ono ma nanometers, zomwe zimafunikira pakuyera kwa gasi zidzachulukirachulukira.

Tikuwona njira yopita kuzinthu zatsopano kupitilira silicon, monga gallium nitride (GaN) ndi silicon carbide (SiC), zomwe zimafuna zatsopano ndi zosiyana ndondomeko mipweya kwa kukongoletsa ndi kukongoletsa. Palinso kusunthira ku zomangamanga zovuta za 3D, monga FinFET ndi Gate-All-Around (GAA) transistors, zomwe zimafuna kulondola kwambiri mu kuika ndi etch masitepe. Izi zikutanthauza gasi wapadera makampani ayenera nthawi zonse kupanga mamolekyu atsopano ndi kukwaniritsa milingo apamwamba kwambiri kuyeretsedwa.

Kuchokera kumalingaliro anga monga wothandizira, tsogolo ndilokhudza mgwirizano. Sikokwanira kungogulitsa silinda ya gasi. Tiyenera kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi makasitomala athu mu kupanga zamagetsi gawo kuti amvetsetse misewu yawo yamtsogolo yaukadaulo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti tiziyembekezera kufunikira kwatsopano mpweya wabwino kwambiri ndikuyika ndalama pakupanga ndi kusanthula kuti muwapatse. Ngwazi zosaoneka za semiconductor dziko—mipweya—idzapitiriza kukhala patsogolo pa kupita patsogolo kwaumisiri.

Zofunika Kwambiri

Mukamapereka mpweya wamakampani pamsika womwe ukufunidwa ndi semiconductor, nazi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kukumbukira:

• Kuyera ndikofunika kwambiri: Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri ndi chiyero chapamwamba kwambiri. Zowononga, ngakhale pamlingo wa mabiliyoni aliwonse, zimatha kuyambitsa kulephera kwa zida ndikuchepetsa zokolola.
• Magesi Ali ndi Ntchito Zachindunji: Mipweya sasinthana. Ndi zida zapadera zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga kupanga mlengalenga (Nayitrogeni, Argon), zigawo zomanga (gasi woyika monga Silane), ndi zojambulajambula (mpweya wambiri ngati CF₄).
• Supply Chain ndiyofunika: Wogulitsa wodalirika amachita zambiri kuposa kungogulitsa chinthu. Amawonetsetsa kuti ali ndi khalidwe labwino poyesa mozama, amapereka ziphaso zowona, amayendetsa zinthu zovuta, komanso amalankhulana momveka bwino kuti apewe kuchedwa kwa kupanga.
• Chidziwitso Chaumisiri Chimawonjezera Phindu: Kumvetsetsa chifukwa ndithu gasi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi chifukwa chiyero chake ndi chofunikira kwambiri chimakulolani kuti mukhale bwenzi lothandiza kwambiri kwa makasitomala anu, kulungamitsa khalidwe ndikumanga kukhulupirirana kwa nthawi yaitali.
• Makampani Akukula: Kukankhira kwa tchipisi tating'ono komanso amphamvu kwambiri kumatanthauza kufunikira kwatsopano, ngakhale koyera mpweya wapadera zidzangopitirira kukula. Kuyanjana ndi othandizira omwe akuyang'ana kutsogolo ndikofunikira kuti mukhalebe patsogolo.